Progressive Era
John Dewey: progressive educator who believed in practical, fleixble education systems and that simple knowledge of the facts was necessary for education
Frederick Law Olmstead: conservationist, created central park
Salvation Army: provides food and clothing to the poor
Social Gospel Movement: Protestant faith combined with humanitarianism
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1874 Woman's Christian Temperance Union: organized women in campaigns to enforce sobriety (being sober) and defend the home
1894 National Municipal League: carried out fact finding investigations related to government role in urban problems and made recommendations in the hope of producing a model government
1903 Women's Trade Union League: organizes women workers
1889 Jane Addams: establishes Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house for the poor and uneducated
1910 Mann Act: no transportation of women across state lines for "immoral purposes"
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire: around 99 women die in a fire because the exit doors had been locked to prevent women from taking breaks, leads to the creation of the...
1911 New York State Factory Commission: recommended laws for improving working conditions and regulations hours for women and children
19th amendment (1919): Women suffrage
Carrie Chapmann Catt: woman's suffragist and head of women's suffrage movement
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1900 Anti-Saloon League: formed to combat the spread of alcohol, pro prohibition. established...
Local Option laws: like popular sovreignty for alcohol but in communities, ppl voted on wether to be a "Wet" or a "dry" town
1919 18th amendment: becomes law in 1920, prohibits the sale and manufacture for sale and importation of alcohol
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1900 Galveston, Texas Hurricane (Commission Government): overwhelms the city, proving local government incapable and inefficient, instead the citizens created a commission government, with all power in the hands of 5 people. This idea spread, by 1916 over 400 municipality had adopted this form of government
Wisconsin idea: Robert La Follette (Battlin' Bob)State reform program included
*direct primary
*graduated state income tax
*higher taxes and regulations for corporations
Home Rule Charters: gave cities greater flexibility and autonomy by taking away many powers from the state governments and allowing local government to draw up their own plan of government.
Corrupt Practices Act: made political figures liable to prosecution for wrongdoing
1912- Progressive Party Splits from Republican Party
Socialist Party: led by Eugene Debs, wanted govn't ownership of MoP, successful on the local and state level
IWW: industrial workers of the world, radical unionists and political leaders embraced blacks immigrants and women, led by "Big" Bill Haywood
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1908 Gentleman's Agreement with Japan: Roosevelt negotiates agreement that limits japanese immigration
1910 formation of NAACP: out of black niagara movemnt
Booker T. Washington: black progressive had a cautious message for blacks, gradual accommodation into white society, through hard work, could establish black economic independence. this view was supported by whites because it seperated them
W.E.B. dubois: immediate integration, said that blacks needed to be education, "The talented tenth" that were would lead the civil rights struggle
Marcus Garvey: pan africanism, advocated all blacks return to africa. His view was supported by the KKK (b/c black segregation, and leaving whites alone)
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1904 Northern Securities vs. United States: Northern securities RR company dissolved b.c it was found to be a monopoly
1905 Jochner vs. New York: invalidated a NY state law that limited night hours in bakeries
1908 Mueller vs. Oregon: government decided women couldn't work extended hours in the laundry industry
1915 Guinn vs. United States: laws excluding blacks from voting were unconstitutional
1917 Buchanan vs. Worley: justices struck down a kentucky ordinance that required blacks and whites to live in separate communities
1923 Adkins vs. Children's Hospital: held that a maximum ten hour workday for women workers in Washington D.C was unconstitutional
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1900: Theodore Roosevelt nominated at Mckinley's running mate
1901: mckinley is shot, TR becomes president
1901-1908 Presidency of TR: used his presideny to mediate disputes and uphold public intrests, made a distinction between good trusts and bad trusts, companies that used their market leverage to raise prices and exploit consumers. Was called a "trustbuster", Took down the Northern Securities Company (JP morgan) and Standard Oil to name a few
1902 Anthracite Coal Strike: TR intervenes on the side of labor, and offers to act as an arbiter. when mine managers refuse he threatens to send 10,000 troops to seize the mines from them. they relent
1902 Newlands Reclamation Act: 150 million acres added to National forest reserve
1903 Expedition Act: courts had to give higher priority to anti trust suits
1903 Elkins Act: RR's can't give secret rebates to customers
1903 Bureau of Corporations: created to investigate anti trust violations
1903 Department of Commerce and Labor: promote job creation and improved living standards for all Americans by creating an infrastructure that promotes economic growth, technological competitiveness, and sustainable development
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act: barred the sale of shitty foods involved in interstate commerce
1906 Meat inspection Act: all meatpacking facilities were to be federally inspected
1906 Hepburn railroad regulation act (Hepburn act): authorized ICC to set aside railroad rates on the complaint of a shipper to establish lower rates
Gifford Pinchot: Roosevelt appoints him to head the US forest Service, a conservation agency
under him and roosevelt, national parks where established and millions of acres set aside as conserved lands
1908 Presidential Election:
*Republican Taft was handpicked by Roosevelt, he wins
*Democratic William Jennings Bryan ran on antitrust policy, lots of RR regulations and social justice reforms
Rifts in the republican party
1909 Payne Aldrich Tariff: while supposed to lower tariff, b/c of Taft's support of conservatives in congress it raised taxes on many imports, drives a wedge between repubican conservatives and progressives
Speaker of the House Controversy: Joe Cannon, was constantly opposed reform efforts, taft initially tried to reduce his power, but then changed his mind. the following year progressives successfully reduced Cannon's power, but were angry at Taft for raising their hopes and then dashing them
1910 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy: Gifford Pinchot accuses Taft's secratery of the interior, Ballinger of conspiring to turn over alaska to a group of wealthy business men. taft investigates, concludes Ballinger has done nothing wrong, and orders Pinchot to stand down. He doesn't, and Taft fires him or insubordination. Progressives see this as taft going back on his conservationist promises
1911 Anti Trust Suit against US Steel: despite roosevelt previously approving of US steel, Taft orders an antitrust suit against them. roosevelt argues with him but Taft invokes Sherman Anti-Trust act. in his 4 years Taft busts more trust than roosevelt in 7 and a half
1910 Mann-Elkins Act: strengthens ICC
1912 Presidential Election:
Roosevelt: progressive "bull moose" party: after losing his own parties nomination he ran independently New Nationalism insisted that only a powerful government could regulated the economy and guarantee social justice. Not dismantling capital, but having a strong Central government to regulate it.
Taft: Republican incumbent
Wilson: democrat "New Freedom" which appeals to the publics fear of big govn't. favored expectant capitalists rather than entrenched, wanted a limited govn't that could still break up large corporations and promote competition. firmly believed in individualism
1912 Presidency of Woodrow Wilson: only the 2nd democrat since Cleveland to be president since civil war
1913 Underwood Tariff: lowered import taxes on most goods and levied a graduated income tax to replace the lost income, made possible by...
1913 16th amendment: allowed for a graduated income tax.
1913 17th amendment: direct election of US senators
1913 Federal Reserve Act: allowed for the establishment of the federal mint, and 12 regional banks with powers over the interest rate, thus increasing or decreasing the amount of money in the economy to adjust in times of inflation or deflation
1914 Federal Trade Commission: created, had authority to investigate corporations and outlaw unfair business practices
1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act: "added Teeth" to Sherman Anti trust act, by outlawing monopolistic practicies, and exempted trade unions and agricultural organizations from its anti trust laws.
1916 Adamson Act: established 8 hour workday for railway workers
1916 Keating-Owens Act: outlawed child labor in businesses engaged in interstate commerce
1916 Federal Highway Act: appropriated 5 million to the states for road construction
Mcnary-Haugen: would have helped farmers, vetoed by coolidge
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Muckrackers:
Ida Tarbell- History of the Standard Oil Company (rockerfeller)
Upton Sinclair- The Jungle (meat packing industry)
Jacob Riis- How the other half lives (tenement housing)
Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the Cities (corruption in urban centers)
Frank Norris- The Octopus (political corruption with/in the Southern Pacific Railroad)
Thomas Nast- cartoonist who took on Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall (NYC political machine)
Women Suffragists:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Margaret Sanger: birth control. (Max's tip. Margaret SANGER, "let him BANG HER" (without making a baby))
Jeanette Rankin: 1st woman in congress
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Middle Class Organizations: examples of middle class organizing and become more efficient
*National Education Association
*National Education Association
*National Federation of Settlements
*National Association of manufacturers
*America Medical Association
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Progressives all agreed that government could be a tool for reform
not all progressives agreed with all reform efforts, sometimes even conflict between progressive
