Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)- 10% Plan.
The Wade-Davis Bill (1854)- (Radical Republicans) Slavery banned in US, all former high ranking people in the confederacy are disenfranchised, 50% of citizens in southern states must take a loyalty oath. (Not passed)
Lincoln's Assasination (1865)- John Wilks Booth shoots him in theatre.
Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15 (1865)- Confiscation of 400,000 acres of land from SC, GA, FL to be divided into 40 acre plots that are to be settled by freed black families
13th Amendment (1865)- officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
Black Codes of the South (1865-1866)- laws put forward by ex-confederates in order to have: economic restrictions that would keep the former slaves on the plantations, excluded them from being jurors, and have interracial marriages; Edmond Rhett of SC, “The general interest both of the white man and of the negroes requires that he should be kept as near to the condition of slavery as possible, and as far from the condition of the white man as is practicable.”
The Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1867)- aka the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. acted as a welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war (blacks and homeless whites). It's greatest success was in educating African Americans.
Civil Rights Act of 1866- vetoed by Johnson and then overidden by congress. blacks are considered citizens, it is illegal to restrict the rights of racial minorities, federal government would enforce this law.
The 14th Ammendment (1868)- provides for a broad definition of citizenship; (elaborate)
Texas v. White (1869)- establishes that the South has to accept the contract theory of government
The 15th Ammendment (1870)-prohibits the government to deny someone's right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous servitude (slavery)
White Reaction to Reconstruction-formation of the KKK and the Knights of White Camellia
The Force Acts (1870-1871)- fought against KKK to allow blacks same opportunities for voting
The Amnesty Act of 1872- no voting restrictions on southerners, with a few exceptions
Civil Rights Act of 1875- blacks had to be treated equally, never obeyed after military withdrawal from south
The Election of 1876- compromise of 1877 b/c in the South supporting Hayes resulted in threats and he wasn't sometimes on the ticket.
The Compromise of 1877- hayes became president, troops removed from the south
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)- legalized segregation
Williams v. Mississippi (1898)- enabled grandfather clause and poll taxes, as they were applied to all citizens
Guinn v. U.S. (1915)- overturned williams v mississippi
Industrialization
Relations between Capitalists
Cut-throat tactics: sabotage, industrial spying, bribery etc
Rice Cutting: one company goes lower and lower until the other company can't compete, the loser either goes bankrupt trying to keep up or loses business and is bought out by the other
Pools: Companies join forces temporarily to control the market, or price of a certain commodity. ie, all the toilet stores in one city district agree to raise prices by 1 dollar. profit for all
Trusts, conglomerates, gentleman's agreements: usually something along the lines of joining forces to drive up prices, drive out competition, etc
Taylorism: essentially the idea that every factory could be more efficient, developed by some dude named Frederick Winslow Taylor
Horizantal Mergers: companies in the same market, producing similar goods, merge. ex. Verizon and AT&T merging
Vertical Mergers: merges between companies all producing the same finished product. Carnegie used this to great extent with US Steel, buying the miners, the shippers to ship the iron ore, the refineries, the factories etc. All elements of the production of one product
Conglomerate Mergers: merging between two completely unrelated companies, i.e. McDonald's buying Verizon.
Yellow Dog Contracts: contract between employee and employer saying the worker cannot join a labor union
Blacklists: list of so called "trouble-makers", that were circulated through capitalists. IE, "This Person is a known radical, don't hire him" etc
Closed Shop: workers needed to join a union before they could work at a certain company
Open Shop: policy adopted by capitalists that stated you didn't have to be a part of a union to work. therefore the union had less leverage on the capitalist, because the only weapon they had (control over labor pool) was useless
Scabs: replacement workers hired by capitalists to replace workers on strike
Collective bargaining: solidarity amongst workers, "if you strike i will"
Inter-Class Relations (Capitalists vs. Workers)
crappy wages
increased use/ exploitation of women, children, and immigrant workers at horrible wages
adopting coercive and ideological methods to prevent the formation of unions or any form of collective bargaining
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1866- 1873 National Labor Union
-admitted blacks and women
"The great railway strike' was when angry union workers seized trains and other railroad property. President hayes ordered federal troops to put down the insurrection
many people were angry that hayes took such drastic measures
while generally unsuccessful (the demands of the workers were not met) it brought Unionist struggles to national attention, and thus paved the way for future unions like...
1869-1949 Knights of labor
-Were affiliated with Populist party, though not limited too
-led by Terence V. Powderly, called for 8 hour workday
-opened themselves to blacks AND women, which was unprecedented at the time
-THEY OPPOSED STRIKES and instead emphasized cooperation between the worker and the capitalist (management)
-militant groups aligned with, but not members of, the Knights of Labor organized strikes -against the Union Pacific and South-western Railroad companies
-by 1886 they had close to 1 million members
1886 American Federation of Labor
-more diplomatic than the KoL
-led by Samuel Gompers
-he rejected the extravagant goals of the KoL and other unions and instead focused on smaller, more reasonable goals that didn't require anarchy and violent strikes to come to fruition.
-did not really accept women
1905- (Present) International Workers of the World
-radicals
-believed that "Ownership of the means of production by the working class was the only solution to the explotative nature of the wage labor system"
-Led by "Big Bill" Haywood
-sometimes violent and generally the "wild one" of unions
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1886 Haymarket Square riot: May 4th, a group of anarchists met in Haymarket Square in Chicago to discuss recent violence against striking workers. it was relatively calm until police came to break up the meeting and someone threw a bomb at police. While the Knights of Labor were not associated with the anarchists, a propaganda campaign linked them to it, they were given a bad name and consequently, trade unionists. membership in the KoL was cut in half in just one year after the event.
1877 Railroad Strike: First major strike following civil War, ends when President Hayes calls U.S. army to suppress strike
1892 Homestead Steel Strike: Carengie steel company cut worker's wages, and in response they strike. Carnegie calls in a Private security force, Pinkerton detective agency to quell them. the strikers kill several pinkertons the state militia is called in and the strike ends when the union gives up
1894 Pullman Strike: Pullman Palace Car Company cuts wages during a depression, and workers strike. led by Eugene Debs, future head of socialist party. Railway Managers Association cites Sherman Anti-trust act against troops, does little. president Cleveland calls in federal troops to stop them.
1912 Lawrence Strike: "bread and roses strike" immigrant workers in lawrence, MA object to lower wages following a shortened workweek and strike. over 20,000 workers in MA follow suit. significant because it was mainly women, children and immigrants, as opposed to white men. was supported by IWW. Strike was ultimately successful in regaining the lost wages, but in 2 years time they had lost it all over again. called bread and roses strike because the shortened pay would cost ppl loaves of bread, and one women picketer allegedly held a sign saying "we want bread, but we want roses too"
1914 Ludlowe Massacre: 21 Coloradan coal miners on strike (out of a total 1200) were killed by the colorado national guard. "heartthrob story" gained national attention and brought attention to the workers plea.
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Due Process Clause: addend to 14th amendment which required federal government to uphold the rights of all citizens and "entities" which included corporations
1895 United States vs. EC Knight: Supreme Court allows for a 98% monopoly on sugar company Ec Knight, through BS legal loophole citing "company was engaged in manufacturing sugar, and not in interstate commerce" therefore it was under the jurisdiction of state laws, and not in the power of the supreme court to dismantle it.
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Sherman Anti-trust Act: Legislation that was supposed to penalize anyone or anything "resistant of trade", or monopoly capitalism. However it was in truth another means to encourage Monopolies, in that it was used as justification to crush several labor unions that were protesting companies
Andrew Carnegie: Scottish immigrant, made millions through veritcal mergers and business savvy
J.P. Morgan: Owned US Steel, first billion dollar company in the world
Horatio Alger: writer who wrote "rags to riches" stories, emphasizing that through hard work in the capitalist system, any one could be successful
Sociologists : Edward Ross, Lester frank Ward, Albion Small, Henry Demarest Lloyd
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: Entry of Chinese Laborers was prohibited for a ten year period, extended in 1892 and 1902, finally repealed in 1943
Immigration act of 1882: prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers and the insane, in other words, those that might become dependent on the state. It levied a head tax of fifty cents on each new immigrant
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Reasons for Industrialization
-increase in technology and mass production of said technology
-Steam engine for transportation
-assembly line model
-massive increase in immigrants from Europe and Asia (specifically china)
-farmers displaced by the new technology looking for work in cities
-After the civil War the dominant MOP (Mode of Production) became capitalism
-the capitalist class (wealthy capitalists, both northern and southern) emerged as the dominant , political, and ideaologically dominant force after the civil war. mainly because they southern MOP was destroyed
-RAILROADS (so important they get their own sub-bullet points)
-the railroad was the main source of investment during this period
-stimulated the creation and growth of new markets across the country
-made shipping products much easier
-"Welfare for Capitalists": Government support of capitalists and capitalism
-land grants to railroad companies
-high protective tariffs
-"laid-back" immigration laws to provide a steady stream of workers
-infranstructural development
-Schools begin to teach capitalist values to educate the next generation
