Assimilation: one culture being absorbed and erased by another
Acculturation: when two cultures interact, few elements may change but the two cultures are still distinct and noticeably different
Social Darwinism: the application of Charles Darwin's scientific theories of evolution and natural selection to contemporary social development. In nature, only the fittest survived—so too in the marketplace. This form of justification was enthusiastically adopted by many American businessmen as scientific proof of their superiority.
1867: Secretary of state William H. Seward negotiates a treaty with Nicaragua giving the US the rights to build a canal at a later date
1867 Seward's Folly: in 1867 Seward purchases Alaska from Russia. Those against complain that he purchased "a barren, worthless, God-forsaken region". those in favor cited the possible minerals and the possible annexation of Canada Congress approved this move in 1867 but it wasn't until 1870 that Alaska was purchased for 7.5 million.
1872 The Alabama Claims: Charles Sumner led a group that blamed Britain for constructing Confederate Ships, and asked Britain for 2.1 billion, or Canada. after a joint US-British tribunal decided that Britain owed the US 15.5 million dollars
1887 Dawes Act: divided Indian land up into individual parcels for Indians, destroyed the communal way of life of many Indians
1889 International American Conference 1889: attempt to discuss the creation of inter-American market (north American)
1895 Venezuela and British Guiana: Border dispute has US offering to arbitrate, they don't listen, so Cleveland has his secretary of state pass the...
1895 Olney Corollary: US is "sovereign on this continent, and it's orders are law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition, because in addition to all other grounds, it's infinite resources combined with its isolated position render it master of the situation and practically invulnerable as against any or all powers" basically gave US power to mediate border disputes in the western hemisphere. Britain was already fighting Germany and couldn't afford another war. they accepted arbitration
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1875 Hawaii:US signs trade agreement that allows Hawaiian sugar to enter US duty fee, and prevented the island from making treaties with other powers
1890 Mckinley Tariff: ended special status for Hawaiian sugar
1891 Queen Liliuokalani: Nativist and anti- Us business, assumes throne, abolishes US Hawaiian constitution (The Bayonet Constitution)
1893 Hawaiin Revolt: US Plantation owners in Hawaii revolt against the Queen and overthrow the government
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1878 Pago Pago: The U.S. gained the strategic port Pago Pago in Samoa for use in refueling U.S. warships overseas. It was part of building an international military presence.
Spanish American War
-Cuba revolts against Spain in 1895
-Cuba revolts against Spain in 1895
-US government is pressured by public and "Yellow Press" to intervene
Delome Letter 1898: Spanish minister to Washington openly criticizes McKinley in leaked letter published by yellow press
USS Maine 1898: sinks off the coast of Cuba, probably an accident but US takes it as a Spanish attack
US declares war on April 11 1898
Teller Amendment: Cuba would be granted independence following the removal of Spain from that area
Battle of San Juan Hill: actually occurred on kettle hill, Teddy Roosevelt and his rough riders drive Spanish troops from the area
Spain Surrenders: august 1898
Treaty of Paris 1898:
-Ends Span Am war, Spain
-Ends Span Am war, Spain
-Surrendered Cuba
-Surrendered Puerto Rico and gave up its possessions in the West Indies
-Surrendered the island of Guam to the United States
-Surrendered the Philippines to the United States for a payment of twenty million dollars
Platt Amendment: gave the US rights to intervene in Cuban affairs required the Cuban government to limit it's debt with European nations, and prohibited the Cuban government from negotiating a treaty with a foreign power
China Open Door Policy: In an attempt to prevent what happened in Africa from happening in China, Europe and the US were given "spheres of influence" over china, and thus preserved trade for everyone
Boxer Rebellion: US helps put down boxer rebellion in China, group of reactionaries protesting the industrializing technology of modern day china
Arrow War (1856-1860): US helps Britain fight China despite GB pumping Opium into Chinese economy and crippling the population. demonstrates racism and US prejudice against non-whites
Election of 1900:
-McKinley wins, but is killed in 1901 and Roosevelt becomes President
-McKinley wins, but is killed in 1901 and Roosevelt becomes President
-Roosevelt favored a large Navy, as influenced by Mahan's Influence of Sea Power on History
-Advocated an active US role in foreign affairs. believed that if America didn't involve itself in foreign affairs "stronger nations" would pass them by
Clatyon-Bulwer Treaty 1850: US treaty with GB that said any canal in central america had to be jointly owned by US and Britain
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901: negated Clayton-Bulwer treaty, allowed S to build and control a canal of it's own
Hay-Herran Treaty 1903:
-US and Colmbian treaty, US got a 99 year lease on a 6 mile wide zone across Panama for 10 million
-US and Colmbian treaty, US got a 99 year lease on a 6 mile wide zone across Panama for 10 million
-Rejected by the Colombian Government
-Roosevelt encourages Panama to revolt against Panama and form a separate nation, they do and Roosevelt supports them with US navy
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903: gave US full control over Canal Zone for 10 million, negotiated with panama
Roosevelt Corollary:
-established US as police force in Western Hemisphere.
-established US as police force in Western Hemisphere.
-Japan was primary rival in Asian annexation
-japan was riding the momentum from victories over china in Sino-Japanese war(1895), and Russia in Russo-Japanese war (1905)
Roosevelt organizes Treaty of Portsmouth: ends the Russo Japanese war. Japan won but felt they were ripped off by Roosevelt's peace agreement (they thought they deserved more)
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905): US recognizes Japanese control of Korea, and Japan recognizes US control of Philippines
Great White Fleet (1907): as a show of power, and also influenced by Alfred T. Mahan's The influence of Sea Power on History, Roosevelt sends the US Navy around the world
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908): both japan and US would preserve China's independence, support the open door policy in china, and recognize the others possessions in the Pacific
William Howard Taft Established.....
-Dollar Diplomacy: US could intervene where they had economic interests
-Lodge Corollary 1912: no "corporation of association with has such a relation to another government, not American" could obtain strategic areas in the hemisphere.
Woodrow Wilson...
-promised an end to all this running about and conquering but ended up doing pretty much the same as his predecessors
-an idealist, he believed all nations could be democratized
Japan's 21 demands 1915: demands placed on china by Japan in 1915, but failed b/c of British pressure
US takes control of Haiti: 1915 US sends marines to Haiti to put down rebellions, and asserts the right for US to intervene whenever they think it necessary
Mexican Revolution
-Wilson doesn't recognize Coup De'tat government of Mexico, and supports attempts to overthrow him.
-Wilson is convinced US foreign policy will be led by Morality, not Economic Self-interest
-Wilson concedes mediation from other Latin nations when the entirety of Mexican government is offended at his actions to intervene
Pancho Villa: Mexican rebel who was supported by Wilson in attempting to overthrow the government of Carranza. He fails
In an attempt to win US support against Carranza he goes into Columbus, New Mexico and burns the town.
wilson is furious and sends the US army after him.
1917: Wilson concedes and withdraws with Mexico.
Presidential Analysis
-Mckinley (R)1896-1901: Intervenes in Cuba, under him US got Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam, as well as intervention rights in Cuba. elected twice, but dies at the start of second term. Roosevelt succeeds him.
-Roosevelt (R) 1901-1908: Huge interventionist, got Us the panama Canal, negotiated Portsmouth treaty ending Russo-Japanese War, and increased the US Navy
-Taft (R) 1908-1912: dollar diplomacy, influenced economic development in Latin America. once got stuck in a bathtub
-Wilson (D) 1912-1920: Idealist, Believed strongly in Democracy and it's spread. under him the US got involved in WWI, established control in Haiti, and failed to do anything notable against the Mexican Revolution.
Gilded Age Politics and Populism
1876-1880 Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes: elected as a result of compromise of 1877
1880-1881 Presidency of Garfield:
1881 July 2nd: 113 years before the birth of Max Kim, also the day Garfield is shot, dies September 19th
Republican Division:
-Half-breeds: more reform minded
-Stalwarts: conservatives
1880-1884 Presidency of Arthur: supported civil service reform and was opposed to high tariff
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay.
1884-1888: Presidency of Grover Cleveland (D)
1884 Election of 1884
Mugwumps: republicans who supported the democratic Cleveland, b/c rejected the corruption of republican candidate James Blaine
1888-1892: Presidency of William Henry Harrison:
1890 McKinley Tariff: raised import taxes, hurt farmers
1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act: penalized institutions that were "in restraint of trade", supposed to break up monopolies, but initially used to put down labor strikes and be anti union.
1892 Election: Cleveland (D) wins, populist candidate James B Weaver wins 1 million votes and some electoral votes, almost 1500 populist politicians were elected to state legislatures
1892-1896: 2nd Presidency of Grover Cleveland
1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff: lowered tariff rates, first peacetime income tax
1896 Election of 1896:
-McKinley (R) wins
-Democrats run Williams Jennings Bryan after his "Cross of Gold" speech
-Populists fuse with democratic party and also nominate Bryan, starting the end of the Populist party
-McKinley (R) wins
-Democrats run Williams Jennings Bryan after his "Cross of Gold" speech
-Populists fuse with democratic party and also nominate Bryan, starting the end of the Populist party
Gold Bugs: McKinley supporters of the Gold Standard, wore gold pins, decorations and other stuff to show support
1897 Dingley Tariff: raised tariff to highest it had ever been, fully supported by McKinley
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Hard Money: bankers, entrenched capitalists and investors, favored a gold standard back by gold
Soft Money: expectant capitalists, debtors and farmers, did not favor gold standard, supported sivler currency and "greenbacks" a currency not backed by gold, and inflationary policies
1873 Crime of '73: government temporarily halted the coining of silver, so called by critics of the govn't.
1875 Specie Resumption Act: victory for the hard money policy, removed all greenbacks from circulation
Greenback Party: advocates of soft money policy wanted to counteract the deflationary effects of Specie Resumption Act
1878 Bland Allison Act: government would support silver standard by buying 2 to 4 million in silver each month at the 16:1 silver:gold ratio, passed over haye's veto and repealed in 1900
1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act: government required to buy even more silver than with Bland Allison act, 4.5 million oz ever month, the over value of silver led to panic of 1893.
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Crop Lien System: basically sharecropping, wealthy land owners leased land and and credit for seed and equipment, put the farmers massively in debt
Macune's Sub Treasury System: farmers would store food in massive warehouses, backed up to 80% by the government.
Farmer's Alliance:The national grange of the patrons of husbandry: 1.5 million farmers organizing in protest against the decline of farming, turned into the Northern Farmer's Alliance
Granger laws: regulated railroads and grain elevator operators, addressed various abuses against farmers
Interstate Commerce Act: Created the...
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC): government regulator trade, addressed some RR abuses
Farmer's Alliance: various groups of farmer's unions banded together in 1890, in Ocala, florida.
1887 populist Party: made up of grangers farmer's alliance former greenback party members Knights of Labor socialilsits, women's rights, prohibitionists and anarchists
1892 Omaha Platform:
-populist party's goals, behind James Weaver, their candidate for 1892
-populist party's goals, behind James Weaver, their candidate for 1892
-government should own major utilities such as railroads
-free and unlimited coinage of silver
-limited immigration
-private agenncies should not be used to break up strikes
-direct election of us senators
-use of secret ballot
-single term for presidents
-initiative: citizens can propose new bills
-Referendum: citizens could vote on/against currecnt legislation and programs
1893 Coxey's Army: group of disillusioned unemployed men marched on washington led by Jacob Coxey, some were arrested for loitering on the grass and the others were dispersed by police, happened as a result of the
1893 Panic of 1893: worst economic slump of all time (so far),
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1876 Peik vs. The Chicago and Northwestern Railway: SC decides granger Laws were not in vioaltion of govn'ts power to regulate trade, and states could establish their own interstate regulations where federal law was not present
1877 Munn vs. Illinois: as long as property was devoted to public use, the states could place regulations on the RR for the good of public use, however long haul rates were still not under the jurisdiction of the states.
1886 Illinois vs. Wabash: reverses Peik decision and said commerce and trade taht crossed state lines was directly under the authority of the federal government
