after looking through the trends as well as my sources from the collegeboard I think i have established the essay question for 2011's ap us history exam. I have also established a ton of information that can be used on for this essay question.
Choose TWO of the following organizations and explain their strategies for advancing the interests workers. To what extent were these organizations successful in achieving their objectives? Confine your answer to the period from 1875 to 1925.
-Knights of Labor
-American Federation of Labor
-Socialist Party of America
-Industrial Workers of the World
Knights of Labor (Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor)
Background:
• Founded 1869 by Philadelphia garment cutters, Uriah S. Stephens; 1878, held its first general
assembly as national organization; 1879-93, led by Terence V. Powderly (elected Grand Master);
other leader: Mary Harris Jones (“Mother Jones”).
• Secret during its first ten years; began recruiting other workers in 1870s.
• Industrial union: organized skilled and unskilled workers in assemblies, anyone who worked for
wages (excluded “nonproducers”: lawyers, doctors, bankers, professional gamblers, and liquor-
sellers); included women—[conflicting numbers] 3,000 in 1886, 50,000 in 1886, 65,000 at Knights’
peak)—and African Americans (but were in separate assemblies); excluded Chinese/Asian
immigrants.
• 9,000 members in 1879; 42,000 in 1882; 100,000 in 1885; peak membership of [conflicting numbers]
703,000–750,000–800,000 in 1886; 260,000 in 1888; 100,000 in 1890.
Program, Strategies, Results:
• Favored reform of economic system.
• Wanted more economic power for workers (“producing classes”) and alternatives to the “wage
system”; end to partnership between government and corporate monopoly; end to trusts;
restrictions on child labor; health and safety laws for workers; graduated income tax; more
homestead land; monetary and banking reform; equal pay for equal work of both sexes; bureau of
labor statistics; mechanics’ lien laws; end to convict labor.
• Favored a “cooperative commonwealth.”
• Wanted producers’ and consumers’ cooperatives (workers made all decisions on prices, wages,
and shared all the profits); local assemblies founded cooperatives (Our Girls Cooperative
Manufacturing Company, Chicago seamstresses 1880s; cooperative cigar shops, grocery stores);
most could not compete with larger businesses and failed; some failed due to lack of capital and
poor organization.
• National leadership did not approve of strikes, but local assemblies often used them, particularly by
the 1880s; successful strikes against Union Pacific Railroad (1884) and Jay Gould (Wabash Railroad
1885), but failed strike against Texas and Pacific Railroad (1886).
• Preferred peaceful boycotts.
• Women in Knights: many were recruited by Mary Harris Jones; 1886, created special department
within Knights to investigate women and child labor, women’s pay; ran daycare centers for
children of wage-earning mothers; sometimes created cooperative kitchens.
• Favored eight-hour workday:
- Knights helped to revive eight-hour movement in the 1880s.
- May 1, 1886: demonstrations by “more than a third of a million” workers for the eight-hour day
-resulted in 200,000 getting shorter hours.
• Chicago Packingtown workers joined the Knights en masse.
• Favored ban on Chinese immigration to prevent lowered wages and loss of jobs (Chinese Exclusion
Act, 1882).
• 1884, Bureau of Labor Statistics created in federal government.
• 1884, national law enacted providing for arbitration of labor disputes.
• Pushed for prohibition of contract labor and repeal of 1864 Contract Labor Act; government passed
Labor Contract Act (Foran Act or Contract Labor Law) in 1885 that prohibited importation of contracted labor.
• Haymarket Square incident, Chicago, May 4, 1886: rally held to protest killing of four strikers
against McCormick Harvester; bomb thrown into the crowd killed a policeman; police opened fire.
Labor unions, including the Knights, were blamed; after the incident, employers refused to bargain
with unions; Packingtown firms blacklisted labor organizers and returned to 10-hour day.
• Employers circulated blacklists of union supporters and organizers; used lockouts, company spies,
yellow-dog contracts, strikebreakers, injunctions against unions.
• Knights pushed aside in the later 1880s by AFL; craft unions left Knights for AFL; union declined
after 1893.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Background:
• Grew from Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Union in 1881; reorganized as AFL in 1886
(25 labor groups of 150,000 workers joined; 12 national unions, 140,000 affiliated members);
strengthened in the late 1890s and early 1900s; 270,000 members in 1897, including 58 national
unions; 1.7 million in 1904; 2 million 1914; 2.5 million in 1917, with 11 national unions and 127
locals; 4–5 million in 1920.
• Samuel Gompers, president 1886–1924; William Green, president in 1924.
• Membership limited to skilled White male workers only in craft unions; excluded unskilled workers,
racial minorities, immigrants; believed that women should not be factory workers (women would
lower wages), but two locals (Cigar Makers’ Union, Typographers’ Union) allowed women; some
AFL unions allowed skilled and unskilled (United Mine Workers).
• Federation of self-governing trade unions—each local controlled its own members, but all locals
were linked by executive council that coordinated strategy during boycotts and strikes.
• Affiliates eventually included Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, United Mine Workers of
America (UMW), Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, International Association of Machinists,
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, International Ladies Garment Workers.
Program, Strategies, Results:
• “Business unionism”; “pure and simple unionism”; “trade unionism, pure and simple.”
• Accepted capitalism and the wage system.
• Persuaded employers to recognize AFL and bargain collectively for better working conditions,
higher wages, shorter hours (“bread and butter goals”), closed shop, union-preference shop
(employer could hire nonunion if union members were not available).
• Use of the strike against employers who refused to bargain.
• Supported “family wage” earned by men; women should be in the home (but AFL did support
equal pay for women who worked; also believed that employers would not hire women at equal pay
so women would leave the workforce).
• Did not align with any political party; supported the candidates who supported labor.
• Extended influence through different facets of American society in late nineteenth century and
nurtured image of “civic responsibility”: supported strikers; worked with social activists; got
support from women’s clubs, church groups, state legislatures (Illinois Factory Investigation Act
1893—state funds used to examine working conditions and improve those of women and children
in sweatshops).
• 1890s, Gompers worked within National Civic Federation, which accepted the right of collective
bargaining for “responsible unions.”
• Local politicians courted their votes; Labor Day became national holiday in 1894.
• Homestead Steel Strike, 1892: Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers (most powerful union of
AFL) struck against Carnegie Steel; Henry Clay Frick lowered wages and tried to break the union;
confrontation between strikers and Pinkertons, and eventually Pennsylvania National Guard; strike
lasted four months and eventually failed; Carnegie cut 25 percent of its workforce, extended the
workday, and cut wages by 25 percent; by 1900, all major Northeast steel plants rejected the
Amalgamated union.
• Employers circulated blacklists of union supporters and organizers; used lockouts, company spies,
yellow-dog contracts, strikebreakers, private police and guards, injunctions against unions
(Sherman Antitrust Act used against unions).
• AFL hurt by depression (1893) and failed strikes.
• Anthracite coal strike (1902), UMW: Theodore Roosevelt intervened to settle between strikers and
management.
• 1903, National Association of Manufacturers began “open shop” campaign.
• Loewe v. Lawlor, 1908 (Danbury Hatters’ Case): federal court ruled that secondary boycotts were
conspiracies in restraint of trade and therefore illegal under Sherman Antitrust Act.
• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) stated that labor organizations were not combinations in restraint of
trade; Gompers called the act the Magna Carta of labor; in reality, the act did little to further the
cause of unions.
• Ludlow Massacre, 1914: UMW strike against Colorado coal mines, September 1913–April 1914;
governor ordered Colorado National Guard into area and then removed most of them; coal
companies hired private mine guards; confrontation between strikers and private guards/state
guards resulted in troops burning strikers’ tent city, killing 14 (among them 11 children); miners
attacked southern Colorado mines; Woodrow Wilson sent in U.S. Army.
• First World War helped AFL; AFL supported the war; Gompers appointed to National War Labor
Board (NWLB) 1918; NWLB supported many AFL goals, including eight-hour days and right to
organize; Gompers and AFL promised not to strike or ask for union shops (although some locals did
strike).
• 1919, AFL started massive campaign to organize steel workers.
• 1919 strikes:
- Involved over four million workers in 3,600 strikes.
- Federal troops broke strikes (i.e., Seattle shipyards and then a general strike).
- Steel strikes, 1919–1920 against U.S. Steel failed; at first AFL endorsed steel strikes, but then
did not.
• Antiunion campaign in early 1920s:
- Employers associated unions with communism and disloyalty.
- Used yellow-dog contracts.
- “The American plan” backed by National Association of Manufacturers, Chamber of Commerce;
pushed open shop.
- Company unions (U.S. Steel, International Harvester).
- “Welfare capitalism” used by businesses to defuse unions (International Harvester, Ford, General
Electric, Bethlehem Steel); provided benefit plans, recreational facilities, sometimes profit-
sharing.
- Total union membership dropped to 3.5 million in 1926.
• U.S. government very antiunion in early 1920s:
- Duplex Printing Press Co v. Deering, 1921: Supreme Court upheld illegality of secondary boycott;
supported right of courts to issue injunctions against strikers.
- Colorado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers, 1922: Supreme Court ruled that a striking union
could be prosecuted for illegal restraint of trade.
-1922: Justice Department helped to stop a strike by 400,000 railroad workers and a nationwide
strike by 650,000 miners.
- 1924: courts refused to protect members of UMW against coal mine owners in western
Pennsylvania.
• William Green, AFL president in 1924: wanted cooperation with business; opposed to communism
and socialism; discouraged the use of strikes.
Socialist Party of America (SPA)
Background:
• Founded 1901 (merger of Social Democratic Party of America and members of Socialist Labor
Party).
• Leaders: Eugene V. Debs (became a socialist after the failure of the Pullman strike (1894) and his
subsequent imprisonment as leader of American Railway Union); Bill Haywood on SPA Executive
Committee until 1912; Victor Berger, congressman (WI); Morris Hillquit (NY); Mother Jones spoke
for SPA; W.E.B. Du Bois joined 1910–1912 and saw himself as a socialist even after he left party;
attracted intellectuals, trade unionists, reformers; Daniel DeLeon (Socialist Labor Party) as a
precursor to SPA.
• Membership around 100,000 in 1908; [conflicting numbers for 1912 membership] 118,000–150,000
in 1912; over 1,000 Socialists in elective office in 33 states, 160 cities in 1912; 40,000 in 1919.
• Strength in trans-Mississippi South and West (mining regions of Idaho, Montana); former Populist
areas (i.e., among tenant farmers in Oklahoma and former Populists in Kansas); manufacturing
towns in Northeast; Lower East Side of New York City (immigrant workers, Jewish reform
tradition; 1914, elected Socialist Meyer London to Congress); Milwaukee (Socialist Emil Seidel
elected mayor in 1910; Victor Berger, congressmen representing Milwaukee).
Program, Strategies, Results:
• Socialists differed in their goals: some wanted abolition of capitalism to be replaced by cooperative
commonwealth with workers controlling means of production; some wanted nationalization of
major industries while allowing some small free enterprise.
• Some supported free college education; labor laws to improve working conditions; minimum wage;
shorter hours; public ownership of railroads, factories, banking system; government assistance to
unemployed.
• Some favored working within electoral politics while others wanted direct action.
• Some rejected many progressive proposals as reformist and inadequate to solve nation’s problems.
• Used newspapers to spread its message (Appeal to Reason: published in Girard, Kansas;
circulation of 700,000 in 1912; largest weekly newspaper in the country in 1912); sponsored 5
English-language daily newspapers, 8 foreign-language dailies, 300 weekly newspapers; monthly
newspapers; The Masses published 1911–1917.
• Ran candidates for president (they always lost):
- Debs (ran under Social Democratic Party in 1900; under 100,000 votes), 1904: polled 3 percent of
popular vote or approximately 400,000 votes; 1908: polled 2.8 percent of popular vote or
approximately 421,000 votes; 1912: polled 6 percent of popular vote or approximately 900,000
votes; 1920: polled 3.4 percent of popular vote or approximately 920,000 votes.
- A. L. Benson, 1916: polled 3.2 percent of popular vote.
• Opposed First World War.
• Victor Berger, Socialist congressmen, Milwaukee, convicted under Espionage Act and stripped of
his House seat for his editorials in Milwaukee Leader calling World War I a capitalist conspiracy;
sentenced to 20 years.
• U.S. Post Office prohibited mailing of Socialist publications (The Masses).
• June 1918: Debs arrested and convicted by federal government for violating Sedition Act for giving
a speech defending antiwar protesters; sentenced to 10 years; imprisoned for 32 months;
conviction upheld by U.S. Supreme Court (Debs v. United States, 1919); Debs pardoned by Harding
on Christmas Day 1921.
• Red Scare 1919–1920:
- 1919 Palmer Raids went after subversives (including Socialists, Communists, anarchists, IWW,
Union of Russian Workers).
- New York State Assembly refused to seat five elected Socialist Party members.
• Supported Robert M. La Follette on Progressive ticket in 1924 presidential election.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies)
Background:
• Founded 1905, Chicago, by members of Western Federation of Miners, Socialist leaders, former
Knights, radicals, Eugene Debs, Daniel DeLeon (had been influential in Socialist Labor Party in
1890s).
• Leaders: William D. “Big Bill” Haywood; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn; Joseph Ettor, Carlo Tesca, Joe Hill.
• Industrial union that included every laborer, excluded nobody (“One Big Union”); concentrated on
immigrant labor, miners, lumberers, sailors, harvest workers, casual labor; sought those excluded
by AFL.
• Some members identified with both IWW and Socialist Party between 1905 and 1913.
• More successful in West (lumber camps, mines, wheat farms) than East.
• Membership never was more than 150,000; membership grew in 1916–1917.
Program, Strategies, Results:
• Believed in constant struggle between “working class” and “employing class” and abolition of
wage system; IWW Charter: “Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of
the world unite as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production, and
abolish the wage system.”
• Supported the use of the strike, particularly the general strike, and direct action.
• Appealed to class-consciousness among workers.
• Supported workers’ revolution; denounced capitalism; wanted workers to control means of
production and eventually abolish the state.
• Tried to build immigrant solidarity: appealed to immigrants through the languages of the
immigrants (leaflets, posters, banners); insisted that ethnic workers be represented by their own
nationals on strike committees.
• IWW organizers used songs, street corner speeches, ad hoc organizational meetings; cities tried to
stop them (Los Angeles, Spokane, Denver) by prohibiting outdoor meetings.
• IWW supported local unionists in their strike efforts:
- 1909 strike in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, against U.S. Steel.
- 1912 “Bread and Roses” strike, Lawrence, Massachusetts; IWW assisted textile workers who
eventually got union recognition.
- 1913 Paterson, New Jersey, silk workers’ strike failed.
• IWW leaders opposed United States’ entry into First World War.
• 1917, IWW timber workers’ strike in Washington and Idaho; federal government needed wood for
war effort and went after IWW leaders.
• July 1917, Bisbee, Arizona, IWW organized peaceful strike against Phelps-Dodge mining company;
local vigilantes deported 1,400 miners at gunpoint to Columbus, New Mexico; AFL protested and
IWW tried to expose the deportation.
• August 1917: IWW leader Frank Little lynched in Butte, Montana.
• September 1917: Woodrow Wilson sent Justice Department agents to arrest IWW members under
Espionage Act; Haywood and others were found guilty, with Haywood sentenced to 20 years;
Haywood fled to Russia while out of prison on appeal.
• 1917–1919: state governments passed laws against IWW.
• November 1919, Centralia, Washington: American Legionnaires attacked an IWW hall; several
IWW members were arrested; one was dragged from jail and murdered by a mob.
• 1919 general strike in Seattle: IWW united with AFL.
• Red Scare 1919–1920: 1919 Palmer Raids went after subversives (including Socialists,
Communists, anarchists, IWW, Union of Russian Workers).
• Antiunion campaign in early 1920s:
- Employers associated unions with communism and disloyalty.
- Used yellow-dog contracts.
- “The American plan” backed by National Association of Manufacturers, Chamber of Commerce;
pushed open shop.
- Company unions (U.S. Steel, International Harvester).
- “Welfare capitalism” used by businesses to defuse unions (International Harvester, Ford, General
Electric, Bethlehem Steel); provided benefit plans, recreational facilities, sometimes profit-
sharing.
- Total union membership dropped to 3.5 million in 1926.
• IWW declined after 1924 due to continued government suppression and internal divisions.
Thursday, January 27, 2011
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Colonial Resistence Sample Essay (1763-1776)
British Imperial Policies/Colonial Resistance (underlined is the Colonial Resistance. Some don’t have colonial resistance)
Treaty of Paris, 1763 or Peace of Paris, 1763
Pre-1763—may be used only in a proper context, usually as introductory material.
Navigation Acts; mercantilism; Walpole; salutary neglect
-Albany Congress, 1754 Ben Franklin, “Join or Die”
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War ) Discord between British and colonial soldiers
Treaty of Paris, 1763 or Peace of Paris, 1763
1763–1776
The need for revenue and cost of the Seven Years’ War caused shifts in British policy toward its colonies; George Grenville, prime minister; George III, King of England.
Tensions during war—William Pitt promise to pay colonists angers British who think
colonists are not paying enough.
Enforcement of Navigation Laws; abandonment of salutary neglect; use of writs of assistance
-James Otis challenges writs in court, 1761; differences on the meaning of a constitution
Proclamation of 1763; Pontiac’s Rebellion Violence toward Indians Paxton Boys, 1764
Sugar Act, 1764—first law (Molasses Act, 1733) passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue for the British Crown; admiralty or vice admiralty courts; suspension of juries
-Continued smuggling
Currency Act, 1764
Stamp Act, 1765
- “No taxation without representation”
- Internal/external taxation
- Stamp Act riots (destruction of Thomas Hutchinson’s and Andrew Oliver’s houses and tar and feathering)
- Sons & Daughters of Liberty (spinning bees)
- Stamp Act Congress, nonimportation Patrick Henry; Virginia Resolves, 1765; “Give me liberty or death”
- speech Ben Franklin, colonial agent to Parliament
Quartering Act, 1765 (also called Mutiny Act)
-Refusal to obey
New York Suspending Act, 1766
-New York assembly passes Quartering Act
Declaratory Act, 1766
-Repeal of Stamp Act
Townshend Acts, 1767 (dismissal of some assemblies; repeal of all taxes except tea); Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer
-John Dickinson—Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, 1767
-Massachusetts Circular Letter, Sam Adams nonimportation
Creation of the American Board of Customs Commissioners Committees of Correspondence
Paying royal governors from tax money
Committees of Correspondence spread.
Customs corruption; John Hancock’s sloop, Liberty, 1768
Gaspee incident, 1772
Sending 4,000 troops to Boston, 1768 Boston Massacre, 1770
Paul Revere print; Thomas Preston, commander; John Adams defends the soldiers, “lobsterbacks” Crispus Attucks.
Carolinas disputes between colonial governments and backcountry settlers over
governance and bandits
-Regulators, 1769–1771
Tea Act, 1773
-Boston Tea Party, 1773
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts), 1774: Boston Port Act; Massachusetts Government Act; Administration of Justice Act; Quartering Act
-First Continental Congress, 1774 “The Association”
“Declaration of Rights and Grievances” Suffolk Resolves; Galloway Plan Urged colonies to organize militia for defensive purposes. Provincial congresses—colonial rival governments to
royal government, 1775
-Second Continental Congress, May, 1775 First acting national government; authorized an army and appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief; established a small navy; issued Declaration of Independence. Olive Branch Petition to King George III; issued paper money to support the troops. Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking
up Arms; asked king to repeal the noxious acts.
Quebec Act, 1774
-Fear about the spread of Catholicism; considered one
of the Intolerable Acts.
Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation, 1775
-Belief that British are abolitionists, Black and White
both
Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, 1775
-Green Mountain Boys-Fort Ticonderoga
-Minutemen; Common Sense, January 1776;
-Declaration of Independence, July 1776
Commitment to Republican Values • Republicanism in the colonies—New England town meetings; Mayflower Compact; House of
Burgesses; Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Ideas of the Enlightenment and republicanism
- Written constitution
- Virtual representation versus direct representation
- Assemblies exercised similar power to Parliament.
- John Locke and the “social contract”
- Oppositionists, “commonwealthmen,” “Radical Whigs,” or “country party,” John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon
- God-given liberty
- Distrust of standing armies
• Colonial experience of self-government—Stamp Act Congress, First and Second Continental
Congresses
• “No taxation without representation”
• John Wilkes, “massacre at St. George’s Fields,” 1768
• Power of the purse—often used by colonial assemblies to keep royal governors in line.
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense—idea of republicanism, the language of the pamphlet
• “Declaration of Independence”—Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock
• Republican mothers or wives
• Presumed that government would be entrusted to capable leaders, elected for their superior
talents, wisdom, and incorruptibility.
• For most republicans, ideal government would delicately balance interests of different classes to
prevent any one group from gaining power.
Post-1776—may only be used in a proper context.
• New state constitutions—democratic features
• Articles of Confederation
• Shays’ Rebellion
• Constitution
• Bill of Rights
Commitment to Republican Values • Republicanism in the colonies—New England town meetings; Mayflower Compact; House of
Burgesses; Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Ideas of the Enlightenment and republicanism
- Written constitution
- Virtual representation versus direct representation
- Assemblies exercised similar power to Parliament.
- John Locke and the “social contract”
- Oppositionists, “commonwealthmen,” “Radical Whigs,” or “country party,” John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon
- God-given liberty
- Distrust of standing armies
• Colonial experience of self-government—Stamp Act Congress, First and Second Continental
Congresses
• “No taxation without representation”
• John Wilkes, “massacre at St. George’s Fields,” 1768
• Power of the purse—often used by colonial assemblies to keep royal governors in line.
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense—idea of republicanism, the language of the pamphlet
• “Declaration of Independence”—Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock
• Republican mothers or wives
• Presumed that government would be entrusted to capable leaders, elected for their superior
talents, wisdom, and incorruptibility.
• For most republicans, ideal government would delicately balance interests of different classes to
prevent any one group from gaining power.
Post-1776—may only be used in a proper context.
• New state constitutions—democratic features
• Articles of Confederation
• Shays’ Rebellion
• Constitution
• Bill of Rights
Monday, January 17, 2011
Colonial Society Essay Question
Evaluate the influence of religion on the development of colonial society in TWO of the following regions.
-The Spanish Southwest
-New England
-New France
The Spanish Southwest
Spain used religion as an effective instrument of colonial control. Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries
established isolated Catholic missions where they imposed Christianity on the Native Americans. After 10 years missions were secularized, lands were divided among converted Indians, the mission chapel became the parish church, and the inhabitants were given full Spanish citizenship (had to pay taxes). Soldiers sent to protect the missions lived in presidios (forts); their families and accompanying merchants, in adjacent villages. Those who did not accept the requerimiento (freedom to all Native Americans who accepted Spanish authority) were threatened with war and enslavement. In reality Spanish colonial society, while extremely Catholic, was very stratified.
-conquistadors
-encomiendas/encomendero
-Ginés de Sepúlveda, Juan
-Juan de Onate colonizes New Mexico for Spain (1598)
Las Casas, Bartolomé de
-Laws of Burgos (1513)
-mestizo
-missions, missionaries, conversions, presidios
-New Laws (1542)
-Popé revolt (Pueblo) in New Mexico (1680)
-reconquest of New Mexico (1699)
-requerimiento (1513)
-Santa Fe established (1610)
-Spanish settlement established in Albuquerque
(1706)
New France
New France differed greatly from the Spanish and English settlements. Most settlements in New France were predominantly male and much smaller in number. The smaller numbers required the French to develop cooperative relationships with the Native Americans. The French, unlike the English, established trading outposts rather than farms, and on land not claimed by Native Americans. This resulted in no initial hostility. The French also served as mediators among Great Lakes tribes. This diplomatic role gave them much more local authority and influence than their English counterparts.
The outnumbered and disproportionately male French settlers sought to integrate themselves with Native American culture rather than eliminate it. This more fraternal bond proved a source of strength in the wars with the English. A source of wealth was the fur trade; however, the charter limited the population to French Catholics only. In 1663 New France became a royal colony under Louis XIV.
While the fur trade fueled the economy and peopling of New France, the activities of Catholic missionaries gave New France its dynamism. Like Spain, New France was aggressive in converting Native Americans, but in New France the Jesuits did the conversion work. Unlike the Spanish, the Jesuits were rarely accompanied by soldiers, and they did not require Native American converts to move to missions. The Jesuits lived among the Native Americans, and they borrowed from each other’s ways. The Native Americans may have converted, but they never embraced Jesuit teaching and learning. This approach enabled New France to prosper and its settlers to spread deep into Canada and as far south as Louisiana.
Cartier, Jacques (three trips for French
exploration, 1534–1542)
Champlain, Samuel de (began exploration of
Quebec, 1608)
Franciscans, e.g., Louis Hennepin
French settlers arrive in New France (1614)
Jesuits, e.g., Jacques Marquette
New France becomes a royal colony (1663)
New England
Religious fundamentalists who looked to the Bible for authority and inspiration, the Puritans came to New England to purify the church and to create a successful community within the parameters of their religious beliefs. With the exception of religion, moderation was the key. As a result of their experiences in Britain, they wanted a separation of church and state, but in New England only church members could vote and
therefore the state supported the church. From this an assembly of true Christians could enter into a
church covenant, a voluntary union for the common worship of God. Hence it was only a short step to the idea of a voluntary union for the purpose of government (e.g., the Mayflower Compact, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the informal Rhode Island arrangement prior to securing a charter in 1663).
To question state authority, however, was to question belief in the Bible and as such was not be tolerated (e.g., Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams/Rhode Island, Thomas Hooker/Connecticut, John Mason/New Hampshire). Growth strains led to the Halfway Covenant in 1662. In 1691 Massachusetts became a royal colony, which required religious toleration of dissenters and made the right to vote based on property rather than on church membership.
The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 highlighted the transition from a Puritan-based society to a royal crown colony. The trials have also been seen as an attack on women who did not accept their place in society.
-Edwards, Jonathan (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” 1741)
-Eliot, John (the “Indian apostle”); American Indian praying towns
-Good, Sarah
-Great Awakening (1734)
-Halfway Covenant (1662)
-Hutchinson, Anne (exiled with followers, 1637)
-Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)
-Massachusetts establishes system of public education (1647); “ye olde deluder Satan” act
-Massachusetts and New Hampshire made royal colonies (1692)
-Mather, Cotton
-New Haven (1638)
-Osborne, Sarah
-Parris, Samuel
-Pilgrims found Plymouth Colony (1620); first Thanksgiving
-Plymouth Colony absorbed into Massachusetts (1691)
-Rhode Island Charter (1644)
-Salem Witch Trials (1692)
-Tituba
-Whitfield, George (first sermon in America — Philadelphia, 1739)
-Williams, Roger (exiled from Massachusetts, 1636)
-Winthrop, John (“city upon a hill”)
-The Spanish Southwest
-New England
-New France
The Spanish Southwest
Spain used religion as an effective instrument of colonial control. Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries
established isolated Catholic missions where they imposed Christianity on the Native Americans. After 10 years missions were secularized, lands were divided among converted Indians, the mission chapel became the parish church, and the inhabitants were given full Spanish citizenship (had to pay taxes). Soldiers sent to protect the missions lived in presidios (forts); their families and accompanying merchants, in adjacent villages. Those who did not accept the requerimiento (freedom to all Native Americans who accepted Spanish authority) were threatened with war and enslavement. In reality Spanish colonial society, while extremely Catholic, was very stratified.
-conquistadors
-encomiendas/encomendero
-Ginés de Sepúlveda, Juan
-Juan de Onate colonizes New Mexico for Spain (1598)
Las Casas, Bartolomé de
-Laws of Burgos (1513)
-mestizo
-missions, missionaries, conversions, presidios
-New Laws (1542)
-Popé revolt (Pueblo) in New Mexico (1680)
-reconquest of New Mexico (1699)
-requerimiento (1513)
-Santa Fe established (1610)
-Spanish settlement established in Albuquerque
(1706)
New France
New France differed greatly from the Spanish and English settlements. Most settlements in New France were predominantly male and much smaller in number. The smaller numbers required the French to develop cooperative relationships with the Native Americans. The French, unlike the English, established trading outposts rather than farms, and on land not claimed by Native Americans. This resulted in no initial hostility. The French also served as mediators among Great Lakes tribes. This diplomatic role gave them much more local authority and influence than their English counterparts.
The outnumbered and disproportionately male French settlers sought to integrate themselves with Native American culture rather than eliminate it. This more fraternal bond proved a source of strength in the wars with the English. A source of wealth was the fur trade; however, the charter limited the population to French Catholics only. In 1663 New France became a royal colony under Louis XIV.
While the fur trade fueled the economy and peopling of New France, the activities of Catholic missionaries gave New France its dynamism. Like Spain, New France was aggressive in converting Native Americans, but in New France the Jesuits did the conversion work. Unlike the Spanish, the Jesuits were rarely accompanied by soldiers, and they did not require Native American converts to move to missions. The Jesuits lived among the Native Americans, and they borrowed from each other’s ways. The Native Americans may have converted, but they never embraced Jesuit teaching and learning. This approach enabled New France to prosper and its settlers to spread deep into Canada and as far south as Louisiana.
Cartier, Jacques (three trips for French
exploration, 1534–1542)
Champlain, Samuel de (began exploration of
Quebec, 1608)
Franciscans, e.g., Louis Hennepin
French settlers arrive in New France (1614)
Jesuits, e.g., Jacques Marquette
New France becomes a royal colony (1663)
New England
Religious fundamentalists who looked to the Bible for authority and inspiration, the Puritans came to New England to purify the church and to create a successful community within the parameters of their religious beliefs. With the exception of religion, moderation was the key. As a result of their experiences in Britain, they wanted a separation of church and state, but in New England only church members could vote and
therefore the state supported the church. From this an assembly of true Christians could enter into a
church covenant, a voluntary union for the common worship of God. Hence it was only a short step to the idea of a voluntary union for the purpose of government (e.g., the Mayflower Compact, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the informal Rhode Island arrangement prior to securing a charter in 1663).
To question state authority, however, was to question belief in the Bible and as such was not be tolerated (e.g., Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams/Rhode Island, Thomas Hooker/Connecticut, John Mason/New Hampshire). Growth strains led to the Halfway Covenant in 1662. In 1691 Massachusetts became a royal colony, which required religious toleration of dissenters and made the right to vote based on property rather than on church membership.
The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 highlighted the transition from a Puritan-based society to a royal crown colony. The trials have also been seen as an attack on women who did not accept their place in society.
-Edwards, Jonathan (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” 1741)
-Eliot, John (the “Indian apostle”); American Indian praying towns
-Good, Sarah
-Great Awakening (1734)
-Halfway Covenant (1662)
-Hutchinson, Anne (exiled with followers, 1637)
-Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)
-Massachusetts establishes system of public education (1647); “ye olde deluder Satan” act
-Massachusetts and New Hampshire made royal colonies (1692)
-Mather, Cotton
-New Haven (1638)
-Osborne, Sarah
-Parris, Samuel
-Pilgrims found Plymouth Colony (1620); first Thanksgiving
-Plymouth Colony absorbed into Massachusetts (1691)
-Rhode Island Charter (1644)
-Salem Witch Trials (1692)
-Tituba
-Whitfield, George (first sermon in America — Philadelphia, 1739)
-Williams, Roger (exiled from Massachusetts, 1636)
-Winthrop, John (“city upon a hill”)
Sunday, January 16, 2011
Population Movements Sample Essay question
Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States
Suburbanization CAUSES:
• 1944: Service Men’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) included provisions for below-market home loans
to veterans (Veterans Administration [VA] loans).
• Need for housing due to soldiers returning from World War II.
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) from 1934 extended government role by insuring mortgage
loans.
• Demographic trends: marriage rates, childbirth rates, declining age of marriage, decline in divorce
rate; nuclear family.
• Migration facilitated by new construction, loans and indirect government stimulus.
• Construction boom on cheaper land outside of cities; led by William Levitt with Levittown (1,500
acres with 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced homes on Long Island, New York, and in New
Jersey).
o Levittowns were segregated.
o In 1960 federal housing laws made it illegal to engage in segregation of tract homes
purchased with VA or FHA loans.
o Race riots in the 1960s accelerated white exodus from the cities.
o Between 1950 and 1960, 18 million migrated from cities to suburbs.
• Popular culture: Leave It to Beaver, Father Knows Best, LIFE magazine.
• Housing Acts, 1949 (“urban renewal”), 1954.
• Army Corps of Engineers/Bureau of Reclamation dams and irrigation projects in arid West.
• 1954: white flight/desegregation following Brown vs. Board of Education.
• Federal Highway Act of 1956 boosted suburban growth (Interstate Highway System).
• 1965: Department of Housing and Urban Development created.
• Other cold war stimulus included transferring government-built defense plants to private
corporations and establishing strategic bomber and missile bases throughout the country.
• Houston, Texas, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and the Greater Los Angeles area became centers for the
Space Race (aerospace industry).
CONSEQUENCES:
• FHA policies led to discrimination against racially and economically mixed communities.
• Within a generation, the majority of middle-class Americans had moved to the suburbs.
• Businesses, schools and stores followed, leaving a lower tax base in the cities:
o Many older and inner cities became increasingly poor due to a lower tax base.
• Many older and inner cities became racially divided due to “white flight”: movement of whites to
the suburbs.
• Federal Highway Act of 1956 accelerated the decline of mass transit in older cities.
• Suburbs necessitated a car culture with drive-in theaters and fast-food restaurants.
• Civil rights movement: Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Rides.
• Bomb shelters.
• “Gentrification.”
• Decline of mass-transit systems.
• Post–World War II social conformity:
o Domestic ideal of nuclear family.
o Rebirth of religious life.
o Belief in the group focus on middle-class aspirations such as safety, low taxes, patriotism.
• Heightened mobility: the average American moved six times before reaching age 25.
• John Birch Society called for conservative and Protestant values and advocated segregation of “un-
American” residents.
• “Redlining.”
• Race-based real estate covenants.
• Architectural and psychological conformity.
• Critics: The Lonely Crowd (1950), The Organization Man (1956) and The Crack in the Picture
Window (1956).
• Urban renewal destruction of minority neighborhoods.
• Teens with cars reduced parental control.
• Suburban middle-class lifestyle bred a teen-oriented culture.
• All in the Family explored the bigoted side of the suburban family.
• The Cosby Show extolled the middle-class accomplishments of African American families.
• By 1985 over half of Americans owned their residences.
• Attractions included shopping malls, parks, new schools and other new infrastructure.
Growth of the Sun Belt
(Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California)
CAUSES:
• World War II economic activity relocated laborers and military personnel, stimulating the poor
South and underpopulated West Coast.
• Defense-related spending (during World War II and the cold war) moved to Sun Belt regions — oil,
military and aerospace.
• World War II wartime construction in thinly populated areas close to the coast (South) and in areas
close to the Pacific war (West).
• Transportation costs drastically reduced in post-war period.
• Aging Baby Boomers, Social Security, Medicare.
• Warm winters and affordable air-conditioning due to electrical grid development.
• Inexpensive gas from Oklahoma and Texas and explosion in automobile sales.
• Expansion of tourism.
• Lower labor costs/Bracero Program.
• Increase in immigration from Mexico, Asia and Latin America.
• Fewer unions; lower southern wages; southern right-to-work laws — weak labor laws.
• High-tech industry in South and West: military and computer industries (National Aeronautical
and Space Administration [NASA] in Florida and Texas) are emblematic.
• Post–Civil Rights Act of 1964 characterized primarily by migration to the Sun Belt.
• Lower taxes.
• Lower costs in the South (for utilities, housing, etc.).
• Cheaper cost of land.
• Sun Belt regions are attractive places to live.
• Increase in infrastructure spending.
• Northern states in the Rust Belt went through a deep economic depression in 1974-75.
• The decline of the Rust Belt undercut prosperity in the nation as a whole.
• Rust Belt workers fled to the Sun Belt for jobs, straining social services and infrastructure.
• Northern cities’ treasuries were depleted.
Consequences:
• Increase in personal income, population and housing in the Sun Belt.
• Rise of Rust Belt identity and population decline in the Northeast.
• 1970s: Nevada, California, Florida and Arizona were fastest growing states; 2000: 10 percent of the
U.S. population lived in California.
• Shift in congressional representation toward California, Florida, Texas.
• More ethnic diversity in California and the West.
• Political balance shifts South along with population and wealth; realigns political power in the U.S.
• Decline in federal aid to big cities since late 1970s.
• Nationally, a shift to more conservative social policies.
• Housing market expanded — prices of housing stock increased.
• Sun Belt economy transformed from agriculture into industry, yet agriculture remains important in
some areas.
• Rise in recreational and retirement spending.
Immigration to the United States
Causes:
• Lifting of restrictive policies prior to World War II.
• War refugees from Europe (World War II), Korean and Vietnam Wars.
• Political refugees from Communist takeovers in Cuba and Southeast Asia.
• Immigration Act of 1965 ended the ethnic quotas of the 1920s that favored Europeans.
• Rise in legal immigrants from Latin American and Asian countries.
• Post–World War II search for work/higher wages.
• 1942–1964: Bracero Program — agricultural program to bring Mexicans to the U.S.
• U.S. church groups and others gave support to immigrants coming to U.S.
• War Brides Act of 1945 — authorized the limited admission of the wives and children of citizens
honorably discharged or serving in U.S. armed forces.
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (McCarran–Walter Immigration Act):
o Reaffirmed the national origins quota system.
o Abolished the ban on most Asian immigrants; people from all nations given the
opportunity to enter the U.S. (repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882).
o Barred homosexuals and people considered subversive from entering the U.S.
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965:
o Abolished the national origins quota system.
o Allowed 120,000 immigrants from Western Hemisphere.
o Allowed 170,000 immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere.
o Established preferences for professionals and highly skilled workers.
• 1977 amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act abolished separate immigration quotas
for the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
• Refugees Act of 1980 reduced the worldwide quota to 270,000 immigrants.
• Technological improvements in land and air travel decreased costs of travel.
Consequences:
• Shift in areas of origin:
o Prior to 1960s, the majority of immigrants were from Europe and Canada.
o By the 1980s, 47 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, 37 percent from Asia,
and less than 13 percent from Europe and Canada.
• Post–World War II immigrants have included more women and persons who are more educated
and who have higher skills.
• Increase in immigration each year since 1945.
• Immigrants accounted for 60 percent of the U.S. population growth according to the 1990 census.
• Two-thirds of immigrants settled in New York, California, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois and Texas.
• Many Americans have become increasingly concerned about the number of immigrants coming to
the U.S.
• Increase of illegal immigrants from Latin America.
• Anti-immigration sentiment has intensified, especially with regard to Latinos.
• Some in the anti-immigration movement have supported efforts to make English the official
language.
• Interracial tensions have arisen between African Americans and Latinos.
• After 1965 developing nations replaced Europe as the major source of immigrants.
• Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson–Rodino):
o Granted amnesty to illegal immigrants arriving before 1982.
o Penalized employers for hiring illegal immigrants.
• In 1989 Congress passed legislation authorizing work permits and granting refugee status to
Central Americans.
• Shifting patterns of immigration have produced a more multicultural society.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States
Suburbanization CAUSES:
• 1944: Service Men’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) included provisions for below-market home loans
to veterans (Veterans Administration [VA] loans).
• Need for housing due to soldiers returning from World War II.
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) from 1934 extended government role by insuring mortgage
loans.
• Demographic trends: marriage rates, childbirth rates, declining age of marriage, decline in divorce
rate; nuclear family.
• Migration facilitated by new construction, loans and indirect government stimulus.
• Construction boom on cheaper land outside of cities; led by William Levitt with Levittown (1,500
acres with 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced homes on Long Island, New York, and in New
Jersey).
o Levittowns were segregated.
o In 1960 federal housing laws made it illegal to engage in segregation of tract homes
purchased with VA or FHA loans.
o Race riots in the 1960s accelerated white exodus from the cities.
o Between 1950 and 1960, 18 million migrated from cities to suburbs.
• Popular culture: Leave It to Beaver, Father Knows Best, LIFE magazine.
• Housing Acts, 1949 (“urban renewal”), 1954.
• Army Corps of Engineers/Bureau of Reclamation dams and irrigation projects in arid West.
• 1954: white flight/desegregation following Brown vs. Board of Education.
• Federal Highway Act of 1956 boosted suburban growth (Interstate Highway System).
• 1965: Department of Housing and Urban Development created.
• Other cold war stimulus included transferring government-built defense plants to private
corporations and establishing strategic bomber and missile bases throughout the country.
• Houston, Texas, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and the Greater Los Angeles area became centers for the
Space Race (aerospace industry).
CONSEQUENCES:
• FHA policies led to discrimination against racially and economically mixed communities.
• Within a generation, the majority of middle-class Americans had moved to the suburbs.
• Businesses, schools and stores followed, leaving a lower tax base in the cities:
o Many older and inner cities became increasingly poor due to a lower tax base.
• Many older and inner cities became racially divided due to “white flight”: movement of whites to
the suburbs.
• Federal Highway Act of 1956 accelerated the decline of mass transit in older cities.
• Suburbs necessitated a car culture with drive-in theaters and fast-food restaurants.
• Civil rights movement: Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Rides.
• Bomb shelters.
• “Gentrification.”
• Decline of mass-transit systems.
• Post–World War II social conformity:
o Domestic ideal of nuclear family.
o Rebirth of religious life.
o Belief in the group focus on middle-class aspirations such as safety, low taxes, patriotism.
• Heightened mobility: the average American moved six times before reaching age 25.
• John Birch Society called for conservative and Protestant values and advocated segregation of “un-
American” residents.
• “Redlining.”
• Race-based real estate covenants.
• Architectural and psychological conformity.
• Critics: The Lonely Crowd (1950), The Organization Man (1956) and The Crack in the Picture
Window (1956).
• Urban renewal destruction of minority neighborhoods.
• Teens with cars reduced parental control.
• Suburban middle-class lifestyle bred a teen-oriented culture.
• All in the Family explored the bigoted side of the suburban family.
• The Cosby Show extolled the middle-class accomplishments of African American families.
• By 1985 over half of Americans owned their residences.
• Attractions included shopping malls, parks, new schools and other new infrastructure.
Growth of the Sun Belt
(Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California)
CAUSES:
• World War II economic activity relocated laborers and military personnel, stimulating the poor
South and underpopulated West Coast.
• Defense-related spending (during World War II and the cold war) moved to Sun Belt regions — oil,
military and aerospace.
• World War II wartime construction in thinly populated areas close to the coast (South) and in areas
close to the Pacific war (West).
• Transportation costs drastically reduced in post-war period.
• Aging Baby Boomers, Social Security, Medicare.
• Warm winters and affordable air-conditioning due to electrical grid development.
• Inexpensive gas from Oklahoma and Texas and explosion in automobile sales.
• Expansion of tourism.
• Lower labor costs/Bracero Program.
• Increase in immigration from Mexico, Asia and Latin America.
• Fewer unions; lower southern wages; southern right-to-work laws — weak labor laws.
• High-tech industry in South and West: military and computer industries (National Aeronautical
and Space Administration [NASA] in Florida and Texas) are emblematic.
• Post–Civil Rights Act of 1964 characterized primarily by migration to the Sun Belt.
• Lower taxes.
• Lower costs in the South (for utilities, housing, etc.).
• Cheaper cost of land.
• Sun Belt regions are attractive places to live.
• Increase in infrastructure spending.
• Northern states in the Rust Belt went through a deep economic depression in 1974-75.
• The decline of the Rust Belt undercut prosperity in the nation as a whole.
• Rust Belt workers fled to the Sun Belt for jobs, straining social services and infrastructure.
• Northern cities’ treasuries were depleted.
Consequences:
• Increase in personal income, population and housing in the Sun Belt.
• Rise of Rust Belt identity and population decline in the Northeast.
• 1970s: Nevada, California, Florida and Arizona were fastest growing states; 2000: 10 percent of the
U.S. population lived in California.
• Shift in congressional representation toward California, Florida, Texas.
• More ethnic diversity in California and the West.
• Political balance shifts South along with population and wealth; realigns political power in the U.S.
• Decline in federal aid to big cities since late 1970s.
• Nationally, a shift to more conservative social policies.
• Housing market expanded — prices of housing stock increased.
• Sun Belt economy transformed from agriculture into industry, yet agriculture remains important in
some areas.
• Rise in recreational and retirement spending.
Immigration to the United States
Causes:
• Lifting of restrictive policies prior to World War II.
• War refugees from Europe (World War II), Korean and Vietnam Wars.
• Political refugees from Communist takeovers in Cuba and Southeast Asia.
• Immigration Act of 1965 ended the ethnic quotas of the 1920s that favored Europeans.
• Rise in legal immigrants from Latin American and Asian countries.
• Post–World War II search for work/higher wages.
• 1942–1964: Bracero Program — agricultural program to bring Mexicans to the U.S.
• U.S. church groups and others gave support to immigrants coming to U.S.
• War Brides Act of 1945 — authorized the limited admission of the wives and children of citizens
honorably discharged or serving in U.S. armed forces.
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (McCarran–Walter Immigration Act):
o Reaffirmed the national origins quota system.
o Abolished the ban on most Asian immigrants; people from all nations given the
opportunity to enter the U.S. (repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882).
o Barred homosexuals and people considered subversive from entering the U.S.
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965:
o Abolished the national origins quota system.
o Allowed 120,000 immigrants from Western Hemisphere.
o Allowed 170,000 immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere.
o Established preferences for professionals and highly skilled workers.
• 1977 amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act abolished separate immigration quotas
for the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
• Refugees Act of 1980 reduced the worldwide quota to 270,000 immigrants.
• Technological improvements in land and air travel decreased costs of travel.
Consequences:
• Shift in areas of origin:
o Prior to 1960s, the majority of immigrants were from Europe and Canada.
o By the 1980s, 47 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, 37 percent from Asia,
and less than 13 percent from Europe and Canada.
• Post–World War II immigrants have included more women and persons who are more educated
and who have higher skills.
• Increase in immigration each year since 1945.
• Immigrants accounted for 60 percent of the U.S. population growth according to the 1990 census.
• Two-thirds of immigrants settled in New York, California, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois and Texas.
• Many Americans have become increasingly concerned about the number of immigrants coming to
the U.S.
• Increase of illegal immigrants from Latin America.
• Anti-immigration sentiment has intensified, especially with regard to Latinos.
• Some in the anti-immigration movement have supported efforts to make English the official
language.
• Interracial tensions have arisen between African Americans and Latinos.
• After 1965 developing nations replaced Europe as the major source of immigrants.
• Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson–Rodino):
o Granted amnesty to illegal immigrants arriving before 1982.
o Penalized employers for hiring illegal immigrants.
• In 1989 Congress passed legislation authorizing work permits and granting refugee status to
Central Americans.
• Shifting patterns of immigration have produced a more multicultural society.
Progressive Era Sample Essay Question
Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era reforms from the 1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following.
-Politics
-Social conditions
-Labor and working conditions
Politics
• 1880–1920: men dominated federal, state, local electoral politics, but women were often active in
pressuring politicians for a range of reforms.
• Women in Populist Party: Mary Elizabeth Lease, Anne Diggs, prominent in Kansas and Nebraska
Populist activity.
• Settlement house activist women pressured federal, state and local politicians for better working
and living conditions in urban areas.
• Some elitism, nativism and racism in women’s views of their roles in politics: Some saw the
extension of suffrage to native-born white women as a way to counter African American and
immigrant male votes and the “slum vote.”
• Muckrakers were mostly men, but there were a few women:
o Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Company, 1904.
o Frances Kellor, Out of Work, 1904 (exploitation of immigrants, blacks, other recent arrivals
to the city by employment agencies).
o Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881.
• Women’s suffrage:
o Attracted few African American, immigrant, working-class women.
o Women could increasingly vote in local elections:
- Wyoming Territory gave unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869 and achieved
statehood in 1890, keeping women’s suffrage.
- Utah Territory was created in 1870; Congress disenfranchised women in Utah
in 1887, but women got the vote back when Utah achieved statehood in 1896.
- Colorado women got suffrage through popular vote in 1893.
-Idaho approved women’s suffrage in 1896.
-Washington State extended the vote to women in 1910; California in 1911; Arizona, Kansas and Oregon in 1912; Illinois in 1913; Montana and Nevada in 1914; New York in 1917; Michigan in 1918.
o By 1919, 39 states had extended suffrage to women for some elections, and 15 allowed full
voting rights.
o The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) endorsed women’s suffrage in 1882.
o Some women were antisuffrage: They saw it as a threat to the “natural order” of separate
spheres and associated suffrage with increased divorce, neglect of children, loose morality,
promiscuity.
o National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in 1890 (merger of the
National Woman Suffrage Association, formed in 1869, and the American Woman Suffrage
Association, formed in 1869):
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony (jailed for trying to vote for president
in 1872), Anna Howard Shaw, Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Stone Blackwell.
-Linked ballot to traditional role of women and extension of women’s influence
to improve public life.
-Increased membership from 13,000 in 1893 to over two million in 1917.
-1910s: mass movement of women seeking suffrage; all ages and different
socioeconomic backgrounds.
-During World War II, lobbied Congress, asked for state referendums.
o Links to International Suffrage Association, organized in New Zealand, 1893; in Australia,
1902; Finland, 1906; Norway, 1913; Iceland, 1915; Canada and Great Britain for some local
elections, 1918.
o Some women supported suffrage in order to engage in “municipal housekeeping” to
protect their families.
o Alice Paul formed Congressional Union, 1914: wanted women’s suffrage through
constitutional amendment; allied with National Women’s Party in 1917.
o Harriot Stanton Blatch worked for women’s vote; founded Equality League of Self
Supporting Women in 1907 to recruit working women into suffrage movement.
o 19th Amendment ratified, 1920.
o Jeanette Rankin (Montana) was the first female elected to the U.S. House of
Representatives (1916).
o African American women were generally excluded from suffrage and other white women’s
organizations.
o National Woman’s Party, 1916:
Alice Paul, Harriot Stanton Blatch.
Advocated more confrontational tactics.
Argued that the 19th Amendment wasn’t enough and favored a constitutional
amendment prohibiting all discrimination on the basis of sex.
Congressional Union allied with the National Women’s Party in 1917.
• Women and peace activism:
o Women’s Peace Party founded in 1915 by Jane Addams and Carrie Chapman Catt.
o After the U.S. entered World War I, women peace activists split: Catt advocated women’s
suffrage as a war measure; Jane Addams and Charlotte Perkins Gilman wouldn’t support
the war.
o Some women argued that their roles as keepers of morality and maternalism meant that
they had to be pacifists.
o Parallels and connections to peace activists in Great Britain at this time.
• Prohibition: 18th Amendment ratified, 1919.
Social Conditions
• Temperance and Prohibition:
o Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 1874: slogan was “Do Everything”:
-Frances E. Willard, Carrie Nation (smashed saloon bars and bottles).
-Advocated abstinence from alcohol, prison reform, ending prostitution, elimination
of wage system, right to vote for women.
- Organized separate African American women’s chapters: Frances Ellen Harper,
head of African American division of WCTU, 1883–1890.
-By 1911, the WCTU had 250,000 members and was the largest women’s
organization in American history up to that time.
o Women were active in the Anti-Saloon League.
o Prohibition: 18th Amendment ratified, 1919.
• Social gospel movement often guided by women:
o Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) founded in 1866.
o Girls’ Friendly Societies (Episcopal Church).
o Roman Catholic laywomen and nuns.
• African American women sponsored programs, particularly in the Baptist Church (Chicago, Phyllis Wheatley Home, 1908).
• Women missionaries abroad (by 1902, 783 Methodist women missionaries were in China).
• Settlement houses and social work:
o Women worked for a range of social, economic, educational, health, sanitation, labor
causes.
o Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, Hull House, Chicago, 1889; Lillian Wald, Henry Street,
New York City, 1893.
o Florence Kelley, Hull House Maps and Papers, 1895.
o By 1910, there were 400 settlement houses in the U.S. with three-quarters of settlement
workers women, mostly college educated.
o Led to profession of social work (Columbia University, 1902), where women dominated the
field.
o Settlement houses usually did not include African Americans.
o African American women founded their own settlement houses: Neighborhood Union,
Atlanta, 1908, Lugenia Burns Hope; Phyllis Wheatley Settlement House, Minneapolis, 1924.
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics, 1898: supported women’s involvement in the
economy; advocated decentralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to assist women in the
work force.
• General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 1892:
o Club women advocated educational “uplift,” civic reform, child labor laws, mothers’
pensions, protective laws.
o In 1892, there were over one hundred thousand members in almost five hundred clubs; in
1917, there were over one million members.
• African American women joined the National Association of Colored Women (founded 1896):
o Mary Church Terrell, first president.
o Anti-lynching, anti-segregation, worked to improve local communities.
• Birth control and contraception:
o Margaret Sanger: nurse in New York City who educated women about birth control,
advocated birth control in her journal, The Woman Rebel, 1914; pamphlet, Family
Limitation; opened clinic in New York and distributed contraceptive devices, 1916 (jailed
for it); founded the American Birth Control League, 1921.
o National Birth Control League formed by women in 1915.
• Civil rights for African Americans:
o Women (Wells-Barnett, Terrell, Addams) helped to found and worked with the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1909.
o Antilynching campaigns:
- Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Jessie Daniel Ames.
- Wells-Barnett became a journalist in 1880s and later wrote Southern Horrors, 1892,
and A Red Record, 1895; worked for women’s suffrage and helped found NAACP.
• Frances Kellor: active on behalf of black women workers, black prisoners and immigrants; brought
the plight of the urban poor to Theodore Roosevelt’s attention
• Antiprostitution (the “social evil”):
o Many women worked against prostitution through state and federal laws; fought to get age
of consent raised.
o Occidental Branch of Women’s Foreign Missionary Society, San Francisco, sponsored
rescue home for Chinese prostitutes.
o Mann Act, 1910.
o Wassermann test for syphilis in 20 states.
• Tenement reform:
o National Housing Association, 1910.
o Charlotte Perkins Gilman suggested apartment buildings with common dining rooms to
relieve women of the task of preparing meals.
• Campfire Girls (1910) and Girl Scouts (Juliette Low, 1912) prepared girls to be future homemakers;
founders thought that delinquency and crime would be reduced.
• Native American assimilation:
o Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881; Ramona, 1884.
• Women’s National Indian Association, founded in 1879, advocated Christianizing Indians, ending
reservation system, universal education, “civilized home life” on reservations in the West;
supported the Dawes Act, 1887.
Labor and Working Conditions
• Women in Knights of Labor:
o Pushed for equal pay for equal work by men and women.
o First women joined the Knights (all-female local in shoe trade in Philadelphia).
o 1885: 10 percent of members were women.
o Mary Harris (“Mother”) Jones.
o 1886: A special department was created within the Knights to investigate female and child
labor, women’s pay.
o Ran day-care centers for children of wage-earning mothers; sometimes created cooperative
kitchens.
• Many American Federation of Labor (AFL) trade unions barred women, although the AFL had
some female organizers in industries employing mostly women; union leadership believed that
women should not be factory workers (presence of women would lower wages), but two locals
(Cigar Makers’ Union, Typographers’ Union) allowed women.
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) welcomed women: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.
• Settlement house movement worked for an 8-hour workday for women, an end to child labor,
better working conditions for women, protective legislation.
• New York Consumers League, 1890, Josephine Shaw Lowell: concerned about women’s working
conditions in New York City.
• National Consumers League, 1898:
o Worked for better working conditions for women and children.
o Headed by Florence Kelley, 1899.
o Tried to get women to see themselves as consumers.
o Instrumental in the defense of the 10-hour workday for women (Muller v. Oregon, 1908).
• Florence Kelley established the New York Child Labor Committee; served as first chief factory
inspector for the State of Illinois; supported Illinois campaign for 8-hour workday for women.
• International Ladies Garment Workers Union, 1900: Clara Lemlich, Pauline Newman, Rose
Schneiderman; tried to organize women in the textile industry.
• Women’s Trade Union League, 1903:
o Founded by female upper-class reformers and union members, Mary Kenney.
o Tried to persuade women to join unions.
o Raised money to support strikes, walked picket lines, held public meetings on behalf of
female workers.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
o Women activists split on protective legislation.
o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
o Women activists split on protective legislation.
o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
o Women activists split on protective legislation.
o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
-Politics
-Social conditions
-Labor and working conditions
Politics
• 1880–1920: men dominated federal, state, local electoral politics, but women were often active in
pressuring politicians for a range of reforms.
• Women in Populist Party: Mary Elizabeth Lease, Anne Diggs, prominent in Kansas and Nebraska
Populist activity.
• Settlement house activist women pressured federal, state and local politicians for better working
and living conditions in urban areas.
• Some elitism, nativism and racism in women’s views of their roles in politics: Some saw the
extension of suffrage to native-born white women as a way to counter African American and
immigrant male votes and the “slum vote.”
• Muckrakers were mostly men, but there were a few women:
o Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Company, 1904.
o Frances Kellor, Out of Work, 1904 (exploitation of immigrants, blacks, other recent arrivals
to the city by employment agencies).
o Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881.
• Women’s suffrage:
o Attracted few African American, immigrant, working-class women.
o Women could increasingly vote in local elections:
- Wyoming Territory gave unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869 and achieved
statehood in 1890, keeping women’s suffrage.
- Utah Territory was created in 1870; Congress disenfranchised women in Utah
in 1887, but women got the vote back when Utah achieved statehood in 1896.
- Colorado women got suffrage through popular vote in 1893.
-Idaho approved women’s suffrage in 1896.
-Washington State extended the vote to women in 1910; California in 1911; Arizona, Kansas and Oregon in 1912; Illinois in 1913; Montana and Nevada in 1914; New York in 1917; Michigan in 1918.
o By 1919, 39 states had extended suffrage to women for some elections, and 15 allowed full
voting rights.
o The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) endorsed women’s suffrage in 1882.
o Some women were antisuffrage: They saw it as a threat to the “natural order” of separate
spheres and associated suffrage with increased divorce, neglect of children, loose morality,
promiscuity.
o National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in 1890 (merger of the
National Woman Suffrage Association, formed in 1869, and the American Woman Suffrage
Association, formed in 1869):
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony (jailed for trying to vote for president
in 1872), Anna Howard Shaw, Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Stone Blackwell.
-Linked ballot to traditional role of women and extension of women’s influence
to improve public life.
-Increased membership from 13,000 in 1893 to over two million in 1917.
-1910s: mass movement of women seeking suffrage; all ages and different
socioeconomic backgrounds.
-During World War II, lobbied Congress, asked for state referendums.
o Links to International Suffrage Association, organized in New Zealand, 1893; in Australia,
1902; Finland, 1906; Norway, 1913; Iceland, 1915; Canada and Great Britain for some local
elections, 1918.
o Some women supported suffrage in order to engage in “municipal housekeeping” to
protect their families.
o Alice Paul formed Congressional Union, 1914: wanted women’s suffrage through
constitutional amendment; allied with National Women’s Party in 1917.
o Harriot Stanton Blatch worked for women’s vote; founded Equality League of Self
Supporting Women in 1907 to recruit working women into suffrage movement.
o 19th Amendment ratified, 1920.
o Jeanette Rankin (Montana) was the first female elected to the U.S. House of
Representatives (1916).
o African American women were generally excluded from suffrage and other white women’s
organizations.
o National Woman’s Party, 1916:
Alice Paul, Harriot Stanton Blatch.
Advocated more confrontational tactics.
Argued that the 19th Amendment wasn’t enough and favored a constitutional
amendment prohibiting all discrimination on the basis of sex.
Congressional Union allied with the National Women’s Party in 1917.
• Women and peace activism:
o Women’s Peace Party founded in 1915 by Jane Addams and Carrie Chapman Catt.
o After the U.S. entered World War I, women peace activists split: Catt advocated women’s
suffrage as a war measure; Jane Addams and Charlotte Perkins Gilman wouldn’t support
the war.
o Some women argued that their roles as keepers of morality and maternalism meant that
they had to be pacifists.
o Parallels and connections to peace activists in Great Britain at this time.
• Prohibition: 18th Amendment ratified, 1919.
Social Conditions
• Temperance and Prohibition:
o Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 1874: slogan was “Do Everything”:
-Frances E. Willard, Carrie Nation (smashed saloon bars and bottles).
-Advocated abstinence from alcohol, prison reform, ending prostitution, elimination
of wage system, right to vote for women.
- Organized separate African American women’s chapters: Frances Ellen Harper,
head of African American division of WCTU, 1883–1890.
-By 1911, the WCTU had 250,000 members and was the largest women’s
organization in American history up to that time.
o Women were active in the Anti-Saloon League.
o Prohibition: 18th Amendment ratified, 1919.
• Social gospel movement often guided by women:
o Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) founded in 1866.
o Girls’ Friendly Societies (Episcopal Church).
o Roman Catholic laywomen and nuns.
• African American women sponsored programs, particularly in the Baptist Church (Chicago, Phyllis Wheatley Home, 1908).
• Women missionaries abroad (by 1902, 783 Methodist women missionaries were in China).
• Settlement houses and social work:
o Women worked for a range of social, economic, educational, health, sanitation, labor
causes.
o Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, Hull House, Chicago, 1889; Lillian Wald, Henry Street,
New York City, 1893.
o Florence Kelley, Hull House Maps and Papers, 1895.
o By 1910, there were 400 settlement houses in the U.S. with three-quarters of settlement
workers women, mostly college educated.
o Led to profession of social work (Columbia University, 1902), where women dominated the
field.
o Settlement houses usually did not include African Americans.
o African American women founded their own settlement houses: Neighborhood Union,
Atlanta, 1908, Lugenia Burns Hope; Phyllis Wheatley Settlement House, Minneapolis, 1924.
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics, 1898: supported women’s involvement in the
economy; advocated decentralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to assist women in the
work force.
• General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 1892:
o Club women advocated educational “uplift,” civic reform, child labor laws, mothers’
pensions, protective laws.
o In 1892, there were over one hundred thousand members in almost five hundred clubs; in
1917, there were over one million members.
• African American women joined the National Association of Colored Women (founded 1896):
o Mary Church Terrell, first president.
o Anti-lynching, anti-segregation, worked to improve local communities.
• Birth control and contraception:
o Margaret Sanger: nurse in New York City who educated women about birth control,
advocated birth control in her journal, The Woman Rebel, 1914; pamphlet, Family
Limitation; opened clinic in New York and distributed contraceptive devices, 1916 (jailed
for it); founded the American Birth Control League, 1921.
o National Birth Control League formed by women in 1915.
• Civil rights for African Americans:
o Women (Wells-Barnett, Terrell, Addams) helped to found and worked with the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1909.
o Antilynching campaigns:
- Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Jessie Daniel Ames.
- Wells-Barnett became a journalist in 1880s and later wrote Southern Horrors, 1892,
and A Red Record, 1895; worked for women’s suffrage and helped found NAACP.
• Frances Kellor: active on behalf of black women workers, black prisoners and immigrants; brought
the plight of the urban poor to Theodore Roosevelt’s attention
• Antiprostitution (the “social evil”):
o Many women worked against prostitution through state and federal laws; fought to get age
of consent raised.
o Occidental Branch of Women’s Foreign Missionary Society, San Francisco, sponsored
rescue home for Chinese prostitutes.
o Mann Act, 1910.
o Wassermann test for syphilis in 20 states.
• Tenement reform:
o National Housing Association, 1910.
o Charlotte Perkins Gilman suggested apartment buildings with common dining rooms to
relieve women of the task of preparing meals.
• Campfire Girls (1910) and Girl Scouts (Juliette Low, 1912) prepared girls to be future homemakers;
founders thought that delinquency and crime would be reduced.
• Native American assimilation:
o Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881; Ramona, 1884.
• Women’s National Indian Association, founded in 1879, advocated Christianizing Indians, ending
reservation system, universal education, “civilized home life” on reservations in the West;
supported the Dawes Act, 1887.
Labor and Working Conditions
• Women in Knights of Labor:
o Pushed for equal pay for equal work by men and women.
o First women joined the Knights (all-female local in shoe trade in Philadelphia).
o 1885: 10 percent of members were women.
o Mary Harris (“Mother”) Jones.
o 1886: A special department was created within the Knights to investigate female and child
labor, women’s pay.
o Ran day-care centers for children of wage-earning mothers; sometimes created cooperative
kitchens.
• Many American Federation of Labor (AFL) trade unions barred women, although the AFL had
some female organizers in industries employing mostly women; union leadership believed that
women should not be factory workers (presence of women would lower wages), but two locals
(Cigar Makers’ Union, Typographers’ Union) allowed women.
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) welcomed women: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.
• Settlement house movement worked for an 8-hour workday for women, an end to child labor,
better working conditions for women, protective legislation.
• New York Consumers League, 1890, Josephine Shaw Lowell: concerned about women’s working
conditions in New York City.
• National Consumers League, 1898:
o Worked for better working conditions for women and children.
o Headed by Florence Kelley, 1899.
o Tried to get women to see themselves as consumers.
o Instrumental in the defense of the 10-hour workday for women (Muller v. Oregon, 1908).
• Florence Kelley established the New York Child Labor Committee; served as first chief factory
inspector for the State of Illinois; supported Illinois campaign for 8-hour workday for women.
• International Ladies Garment Workers Union, 1900: Clara Lemlich, Pauline Newman, Rose
Schneiderman; tried to organize women in the textile industry.
• Women’s Trade Union League, 1903:
o Founded by female upper-class reformers and union members, Mary Kenney.
o Tried to persuade women to join unions.
o Raised money to support strikes, walked picket lines, held public meetings on behalf of
female workers.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
o Women activists split on protective legislation.
o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
o Women activists split on protective legislation.
o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
o Women activists split on protective legislation.
o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
Civil War Sample Essay Question
Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861.
1845-John O’Sullivan wrote of “our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the
continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty
and federated self-government entrusted to us.”
-U.S. annexed Texas as a slave state when lame-duck president John Tyler convinced Congress to
pass a joint resolution that admitted the Lone Star Republic to the Union.
1846-Congress affirmed a state of war with Mexico. Polk’s opponents charged him with provoking the
war to satisfy a “slave power” in the South.
Wilmot Proviso:
• Stated that slavery should never exist in any territory taken from Mexico.
• Passed the House but not the Senate.
1848- Treaty of Guadalupe–Hidalgo:
• Included the Mexican Cession.
“Conscience Whigs” or anti-slavery Whigs opposed to the Mexican–American War.
Election of 1848:
• Lewis Cass (Democrat) — “popular sovereignty” (squatter sovereignty);
• Zachary Taylor (Whig) — quiet about slavery but was a slaveowner;
• Martin Van Buren (Free Soil).
California Gold Rush (Forty-niners soon increased population to 100,000).
1850 Compromise of 1850 (introduced by Henry Clay: Douglas drove through):
• Admission of California as a free state (16 free states and 15 slave states).
• New Mexico and Utah open to popular sovereignty.
• Texas lost land that would probably become free territory.
• The slave trade was banned in Washington, D.C.
• Fugitive Slave Law of 1850:
o Heavy fines and jail sentences for those who helped runaway slaves escape.
o The South was losing about a thousand runaway slaves a year.
o “Personal liberty laws” in the North.
o “We went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, Compromise Union
Whigs and waked up stark-mad Abolitionists.”
1852 Election of 1852:
• Franklin Pierce (Democrat) — made national politics an arena where sectional and cultural
differences over slavery were fought;
• Winfield Scott (Whig) — party split over its candidate and platform (Compromise of 1850);
John P. Hale (Free Soil) — won 5 percent of the popular vote.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin — Harriet Beecher Stowe.
1853-Gadsden Purchase (U.S. acquisition of land south of Gila River from Mexico for possible southern
-transcontinental railroad line; route was never used). 1854 Black Warrior incident/Ostend Manifesto (reinforced image of Democratic Party as favoring
slavery): attempt to provoke a war with Spain to claim Cuba as a slave state.
Kansas–Nebraska Act:
• Senator Stephen Douglas;
• Sought transcontinental railroad terminus in Chicago;
• Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories;
• Undid the Missouri Compromise.
Republican Party created.
1855- Bleeding Kansas (open warfare between proslavery and antislavery factions):
• “Border ruffians”/Lecompton and Topeka constitutions;
• “Beecher’s Bibles”;
• Attack at Lawrence, Kansas;
• John Brown/Pottawatomie Massacre.
1856- William Walker claimed presidency of Nicaragua and legalized slavery.
Brooks–Sumner Affair:
• “The crime against Kansas.”
Election of 1856:
• James Buchanan (Democrat) — “Kansas-less” because of an appointment in London;
• John C. Fremont (Republican) — against the extension of slavery;
• Millard Fillmore (American Party/“Know Nothings”).
1857- Lecompton Constitution (Buchanan’s decision to admit Kansas to the Union with a proslavery
constitution; defeated in Congress in 1858).
Dred Scott v. Sanford:
• Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because Congress did not have the
power to ban slavery in the territories (welcomed in the South, condemned in the North).
1858- Lincoln: “A house divided cannot stand.” (Republican Senate nominee acceptance speech in Chicago)
Lincoln–Douglas debates:
• Freeport Doctrine (Douglas said that the Dred Scott decision made slavery legal in the
territories in theory, but the people of a territory could keep slaves out in practice. His
stance cost him southern support for the presidency in 1860.)
1859- John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry (northern support shocks the South).
1860- Election of 1860:
• John C. Breckinridge (Constitutional Democrats);
• Stephen Douglas (National Democrats);
• John Bell (Constitutional Union);
• Abraham Lincoln (Republicans);
• Democratic split allows Lincoln to win.
South Carolina seceded (eventually 11 states secede).
1861- Confederate States of America:
• President Jefferson Davis.
Crittenden amendments to the Constitution:
• Restored the 36˚30’ line.
Fort Sumter.
General Information
• Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
• States’ rights argument
• Expansion of Cotton Kingdom
• Industrializing of North (market revolution) vs. slave-based economy in the South
• Debate over morality of slavery
• Growing importance of abolitionist movement
• End of the Second American Party system
1845-John O’Sullivan wrote of “our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the
continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty
and federated self-government entrusted to us.”
-U.S. annexed Texas as a slave state when lame-duck president John Tyler convinced Congress to
pass a joint resolution that admitted the Lone Star Republic to the Union.
1846-Congress affirmed a state of war with Mexico. Polk’s opponents charged him with provoking the
war to satisfy a “slave power” in the South.
Wilmot Proviso:
• Stated that slavery should never exist in any territory taken from Mexico.
• Passed the House but not the Senate.
1848- Treaty of Guadalupe–Hidalgo:
• Included the Mexican Cession.
“Conscience Whigs” or anti-slavery Whigs opposed to the Mexican–American War.
Election of 1848:
• Lewis Cass (Democrat) — “popular sovereignty” (squatter sovereignty);
• Zachary Taylor (Whig) — quiet about slavery but was a slaveowner;
• Martin Van Buren (Free Soil).
California Gold Rush (Forty-niners soon increased population to 100,000).
1850 Compromise of 1850 (introduced by Henry Clay: Douglas drove through):
• Admission of California as a free state (16 free states and 15 slave states).
• New Mexico and Utah open to popular sovereignty.
• Texas lost land that would probably become free territory.
• The slave trade was banned in Washington, D.C.
• Fugitive Slave Law of 1850:
o Heavy fines and jail sentences for those who helped runaway slaves escape.
o The South was losing about a thousand runaway slaves a year.
o “Personal liberty laws” in the North.
o “We went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, Compromise Union
Whigs and waked up stark-mad Abolitionists.”
1852 Election of 1852:
• Franklin Pierce (Democrat) — made national politics an arena where sectional and cultural
differences over slavery were fought;
• Winfield Scott (Whig) — party split over its candidate and platform (Compromise of 1850);
John P. Hale (Free Soil) — won 5 percent of the popular vote.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin — Harriet Beecher Stowe.
1853-Gadsden Purchase (U.S. acquisition of land south of Gila River from Mexico for possible southern
-transcontinental railroad line; route was never used). 1854 Black Warrior incident/Ostend Manifesto (reinforced image of Democratic Party as favoring
slavery): attempt to provoke a war with Spain to claim Cuba as a slave state.
Kansas–Nebraska Act:
• Senator Stephen Douglas;
• Sought transcontinental railroad terminus in Chicago;
• Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories;
• Undid the Missouri Compromise.
Republican Party created.
1855- Bleeding Kansas (open warfare between proslavery and antislavery factions):
• “Border ruffians”/Lecompton and Topeka constitutions;
• “Beecher’s Bibles”;
• Attack at Lawrence, Kansas;
• John Brown/Pottawatomie Massacre.
1856- William Walker claimed presidency of Nicaragua and legalized slavery.
Brooks–Sumner Affair:
• “The crime against Kansas.”
Election of 1856:
• James Buchanan (Democrat) — “Kansas-less” because of an appointment in London;
• John C. Fremont (Republican) — against the extension of slavery;
• Millard Fillmore (American Party/“Know Nothings”).
1857- Lecompton Constitution (Buchanan’s decision to admit Kansas to the Union with a proslavery
constitution; defeated in Congress in 1858).
Dred Scott v. Sanford:
• Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because Congress did not have the
power to ban slavery in the territories (welcomed in the South, condemned in the North).
1858- Lincoln: “A house divided cannot stand.” (Republican Senate nominee acceptance speech in Chicago)
Lincoln–Douglas debates:
• Freeport Doctrine (Douglas said that the Dred Scott decision made slavery legal in the
territories in theory, but the people of a territory could keep slaves out in practice. His
stance cost him southern support for the presidency in 1860.)
1859- John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry (northern support shocks the South).
1860- Election of 1860:
• John C. Breckinridge (Constitutional Democrats);
• Stephen Douglas (National Democrats);
• John Bell (Constitutional Union);
• Abraham Lincoln (Republicans);
• Democratic split allows Lincoln to win.
South Carolina seceded (eventually 11 states secede).
1861- Confederate States of America:
• President Jefferson Davis.
Crittenden amendments to the Constitution:
• Restored the 36˚30’ line.
Fort Sumter.
General Information
• Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
• States’ rights argument
• Expansion of Cotton Kingdom
• Industrializing of North (market revolution) vs. slave-based economy in the South
• Debate over morality of slavery
• Growing importance of abolitionist movement
• End of the Second American Party system
Revolutionary War sample essay question
1)Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783.
POLITICAL
•Locke and the Enlightenment
•Pre-1775 actions leading to 1775–1783 actions
•Patrick Henry, “Give me liberty or give me death”
•Edmund Burke and William Pitt, British sympathizers
•Antiwar riots
•Dunmore Proclamation (1775)
•Loyalists, including Indians and African Americans
•Second Continental Congress
o Olive Branch Petition
oWashington, commander of the army
o Declaration of Independence
•Thomas Paine, Common Sense and The Crisis
•Articles of Confederation
•Collapse of Lord North’s ministry, 1782
DIPLOMATIC
•Olive Branch Petition
•French Alliance, 1778
•Benjamin Franklin, ambassador to France
•John Adams, ambassador to Holland
•League of Armed Neutrality
•Treaty of Paris, 1783
o JohnAdams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay
•British sympathy, Whigs
MILITARY
•Patriot advantages
o Just cause
o American geographical expanse
o Fighting on home ground, distance from England
o Experience from earlier colonial wars
o Minutemen
•Ethan Allen (Green Mountain Boys)
o Benedict Arnold
o Fort Ticonderoga
•Evacuation of Boston, Henry Knox
•British occupation of American cities
— New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah
•No effective British blockade of American coast
•Hessians
•Important figures:
o George Washington o Nathanael Greene
o Horatio Gates
o John Paul Jones
o Paul Revere
o Francis Marion, “Swamp Fox”
o George Rogers Clark
o John Sullivan
o Marquis de Lafayette
o Baron Von Steuben
o CasimirPulaski
o Thaddeus Kosciusko
o Baron de Kalb
o General William Howe
o Admiral Richard Howe
o General Thomas Gage
o General Henry Clinton
o General John Burgoyne
o Lord Charles Cornwallis
o Joseph Brant
BATTLES
o Lexington and Concord, April 1775
o Fort Ticonderoga, May 1775
o Invasion of Canada, fall of 1775
o Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill), June 1776
o Brooklyn Heights, August 1776
o Defeat of Cherokees, Virginia, Carolinas, September 1776
o Trenton, December 1776
o Princeton, January 1777
o Saratoga, October 1777; led to French alliance
o Valley Forge, 1777–1778
o Monmouth Court House, June 1778
o Vincennes, February 1779
o Elmira, August 1779
o Savannah, October 1779
o Charleston, May 1780
o Kings Mountain, October 1780
o Cowpens, January 1781
o Guilford Court House, March 1781
o Yorktown, October 1781 — “The world turned upside”
•Role of women — nurses, soldiers, camp followers
POLITICAL
•Locke and the Enlightenment
•Pre-1775 actions leading to 1775–1783 actions
•Patrick Henry, “Give me liberty or give me death”
•Edmund Burke and William Pitt, British sympathizers
•Antiwar riots
•Dunmore Proclamation (1775)
•Loyalists, including Indians and African Americans
•Second Continental Congress
o Olive Branch Petition
oWashington, commander of the army
o Declaration of Independence
•Thomas Paine, Common Sense and The Crisis
•Articles of Confederation
•Collapse of Lord North’s ministry, 1782
DIPLOMATIC
•Olive Branch Petition
•French Alliance, 1778
•Benjamin Franklin, ambassador to France
•John Adams, ambassador to Holland
•League of Armed Neutrality
•Treaty of Paris, 1783
o JohnAdams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay
•British sympathy, Whigs
MILITARY
•Patriot advantages
o Just cause
o American geographical expanse
o Fighting on home ground, distance from England
o Experience from earlier colonial wars
o Minutemen
•Ethan Allen (Green Mountain Boys)
o Benedict Arnold
o Fort Ticonderoga
•Evacuation of Boston, Henry Knox
•British occupation of American cities
— New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah
•No effective British blockade of American coast
•Hessians
•Important figures:
o George Washington o Nathanael Greene
o Horatio Gates
o John Paul Jones
o Paul Revere
o Francis Marion, “Swamp Fox”
o George Rogers Clark
o John Sullivan
o Marquis de Lafayette
o Baron Von Steuben
o CasimirPulaski
o Thaddeus Kosciusko
o Baron de Kalb
o General William Howe
o Admiral Richard Howe
o General Thomas Gage
o General Henry Clinton
o General John Burgoyne
o Lord Charles Cornwallis
o Joseph Brant
BATTLES
o Lexington and Concord, April 1775
o Fort Ticonderoga, May 1775
o Invasion of Canada, fall of 1775
o Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill), June 1776
o Brooklyn Heights, August 1776
o Defeat of Cherokees, Virginia, Carolinas, September 1776
o Trenton, December 1776
o Princeton, January 1777
o Saratoga, October 1777; led to French alliance
o Valley Forge, 1777–1778
o Monmouth Court House, June 1778
o Vincennes, February 1779
o Elmira, August 1779
o Savannah, October 1779
o Charleston, May 1780
o Kings Mountain, October 1780
o Cowpens, January 1781
o Guilford Court House, March 1781
o Yorktown, October 1781 — “The world turned upside”
•Role of women — nurses, soldiers, camp followers
16 Essay questions from past APUSH Exams
These are Essay questions from past APUSH Exams, so this as real as it is going to get.
1)Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783.
2)Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861.
3) Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era are forms from the1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following.
-Politics
-Social conditions
-Labor and working conditions
4) Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States
5)Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values.
6)Analyze the social, political, and economic forces of the 1840s and early 1850s that led to the emergence of the Republican Party.
7)Choose TWO of the following organizations and explain their strategies for advancing the interests of workers. To what extent were these organizations successful in achieving their objectives? Confine your answer to the period from 1875 to 1925.
-Knights of Labor
-American Federation of Labor
-Socialist Party of America
-Industrial Workers of the World
8)Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States
9)Analyze how the ideas and experiences of the revolutionary era influenced the principles embodied in the Articles of Confederation.
10) Analyze the political, economic, and religious tensions between immigrant Roman Catholics and native-born Protestants in the United States from the 1830s through the 1850s.
11)Explain the origins of TWO of the following third parties and evaluate their impact on United States politics and national policies.
-The People’s Party (Populists),1892
-The Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party), 1912
-The States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats), 1948
-The American Independent Party, 1968
12)Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation’s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans’ confidence in both.
13)Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures.
Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in TWO of the following regions. Confine your answer to the 1600s.
-New England
-Chesapeake
-Spanish Southwest
-New York and New France
14)Analyze the impact of the market revolution(1815–1860) on the economies of TWO of the following regions.
-The Northeast
-The Midwest
-The South
15)Following Reconstruction, many southern leaders promoted the idea of a “New South.” To what extent was this “New South” a reality by the time of the First World War? In your answer be sure to address TWO of the following.
-Economic development
-Politics
-Race relations
16)Presidential elections between 1928 and 1948 revealed major shifts in political party loyalties. Analyze both the reasons for these changes and their consequences during this period.
Sites with Similar Information
http://www.orange.k12.oh.us/teachers/ohs/Tjordan/pages/unittestquestions.html
1)Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783.
2)Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861.
3) Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era are forms from the1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following.
-Politics
-Social conditions
-Labor and working conditions
4) Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States
5)Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values.
6)Analyze the social, political, and economic forces of the 1840s and early 1850s that led to the emergence of the Republican Party.
7)Choose TWO of the following organizations and explain their strategies for advancing the interests of workers. To what extent were these organizations successful in achieving their objectives? Confine your answer to the period from 1875 to 1925.
-Knights of Labor
-American Federation of Labor
-Socialist Party of America
-Industrial Workers of the World
8)Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States
9)Analyze how the ideas and experiences of the revolutionary era influenced the principles embodied in the Articles of Confederation.
10) Analyze the political, economic, and religious tensions between immigrant Roman Catholics and native-born Protestants in the United States from the 1830s through the 1850s.
11)Explain the origins of TWO of the following third parties and evaluate their impact on United States politics and national policies.
-The People’s Party (Populists),1892
-The Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party), 1912
-The States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats), 1948
-The American Independent Party, 1968
12)Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation’s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans’ confidence in both.
13)Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures.
Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in TWO of the following regions. Confine your answer to the 1600s.
-New England
-Chesapeake
-Spanish Southwest
-New York and New France
14)Analyze the impact of the market revolution(1815–1860) on the economies of TWO of the following regions.
-The Northeast
-The Midwest
-The South
15)Following Reconstruction, many southern leaders promoted the idea of a “New South.” To what extent was this “New South” a reality by the time of the First World War? In your answer be sure to address TWO of the following.
-Economic development
-Politics
-Race relations
16)Presidential elections between 1928 and 1948 revealed major shifts in political party loyalties. Analyze both the reasons for these changes and their consequences during this period.
Sites with Similar Information
http://www.orange.k12.oh.us/teachers/ohs/Tjordan/pages/unittestquestions.html
Tips and Tricks to getting a 5 on the AP Exam
I will continue to add to this so keep checking back
1)Pace yourself. Also remember that in Essay portion of the test. It is good idea to make a quick outline
2)ANSWER THE QUESTION: You have to answer the question. If you don’t answer the question there’s no way you are going to get a five on the AP Exam
3)Don’t guess unless you can eliminate one choice. If you get a question wrong you lose 1/4 of a point while if you get one right you get a point
4)If you don’t know a question, skip and move on. If you have time at the end, go back to them
5) Be skeptical of extreme answers such as always and never. Very few things in history Always occur or Never occur.
6)Eliminate as many options as you can before answering the questions.
7)Constantly take practice tests prior to the exam to get the feel for how much time you should spend working on each section
8)As you progress through history there are more questions. Don’t spend as much time studying the pre-revolutionary era, as there will only be a few questions on this section. However areas such as the Civil war and progressive Era will have a ton of questions
Friday, January 14, 2011
World War 1 (1915-1924)
Factors leading to US involvement
*German Violations
*Unrestricted submarine warfare
*Germany declared British waters a war zone
1915 May – Sinking of the Lusitania
1916 Sussex Pledge: Germans agreed to stop U-boat attacks, however Germany then in 1917 decided to resume unrestricted U-boat warfare
Armed Neutrality: Before the US declared war, all merchant ships were armed
Zimmerman Note: German Ambassador sent a letter to Mexico to try and form an alliance to take down the US
Russian Revolution
*Democratic forces take power from Czar Nicholas in 1917
*Wilson viewed the struggle against Germany as one to make the world safe for democracy
*Bolsheviks assumed power in 1917 which resulted in Russia’s withdrawal from the war
Espionage Act 1917: Fines and imprisonment for anyone found “aiding” the enemy or obstructing recruitment
Sedition Act 1918: Made it a crime to attempt to persuade the sale of war bonds or to print, write, speak or publish anything disloyal about the government, constitution, or uniform of the Army or Navy, Eugene Debs was imprisoned because of this
Schneck v. US: Supreme court: upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in this case because Justice Holmes said that there are limits to freedom of speech when a clear and present danger exists, Schneck mailed circulars to draftees persuading them not to report for induction into the army
1917 War Industries Board: Headed by Bernard Baruch Coordinate all aspects of industrial production and distribution
1917 Lever Act : Wilson named Hoover as the food administrator. He mobilized agriculture and set prices to encourage production
1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: russia, now under VI Lenin, leaves the war and secedes some land to germany
1918 War Labor Board: Taft and Walsh, designed to settle labor disputes, prevent strikes and regulate wages and hours
1918 War Labor Policies Board : Formulated uniform policies for war labor administration. Promoted better housing conditions for war workers.
Food and Fuel Act: Rationed items and set prices "wheat wednesdays" "meat mondays"
Inquiry Committee: Fact gathering organization that helped Wilson in drawing up plans for the post war world
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points: He wanted a negotiated peace, not dictated one "peace of right, not of might"
Features of the 14 points
-Open diplomacy
-No secret treaties or peace talks
-Free access to the seas in time of war and peace
-Reduction of armaments
-Impartial adjustments of colonial claims
-8 points had to do with the problem of self determination for people in Europe, not for those under colonial control
-14th point. A League Of Nations: general assembly of nations to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity, perserve peace for all time
Wilson’s blunders: invited all democrats to Paris conference, angered republicans. he personally went to paris showing he was deferring to europe.
The Big 4: Clemenceua of France, Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of Italy, Wilson of US
1919 Treaty of Versailles
-Creation of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Poland
“War Guilt Clause”: Put all blame on Germany and wanted Germany to pay reparations (33 billion dollars)
Mandate System:
-Response to the fate of the colonial possessions of the Central powers. They were given to the victors
-Response to the fate of the colonial possessions of the Central powers. They were given to the victors
-Each member of the League promised to protect Territorial integrity and political independence of all members
-All nations were obligated to carry out league decisions, but no nation could go to war against its will
League of Nations: The league would arbitrate international disputes, act as a central body, employ economic and military sanctions against aggressor nations
1921 Emergency Quota Act: reduced immigration to the US
Round Robin Petition: Separated the question of the League from the peace treaty
Irreconcilables: Henry Cabot Lodge Senators opposed to the Treaty and would not accept it
Reservationists
Senators that split into two camps
*Milds: Approved of the League in principle but wanted it altered
*Strongs: Willing to go along only if American Sovereignty was protected Fate of the Treaty
Wilson collapsed after suffering a stroke
-Became more and more cut off from affairs of the state and reality
-Popular attitude toward the League shifted
-Senate votes against it March of 1920
1924 Dawes Plan : reduced Germany's war debts, The money goes to Germany, then to europe, then back to us.
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